Primary literature

• Agricola, Rudolph, De inventione dialectica libri tres, Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1992.
• Albert of Cologne, “Logica secunda pars,” in Opera omnia, Paris: Vives, 1890. (Scholar)
• Alcuin, The Rhetoric of Alcuin and Charlemagne, ed. and transl. W. Howell, New York: Russell & Russell, 1965.
• Antoninus Florentinus, 1582, Summa sacrae theologiae, Venice: Apud Iuntas. (Scholar)
• Aristotle, “Topics,” in Complete Works, ed. J. Barnes, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984, pp. 167–277. (Scholar)
• Baldus de Ubaldis, 1473, Additiones super Speculo Guilelmi Duranti, Rome: Ulrich Han. (Scholar)
• –––, 1545, In libros Codicis, Lyon: Moylin. (Scholar)
• Boethius, De topicis differentiis, ed. E. Stump, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004.
• Boethius of Dacia, “Quaestiones super librum Topicorum,” in his Opera (VI.1), ed. N. Green-Pedersen and J. Pinborg, Copenhagen: Gad, 1976. (Scholar)
• Buridan, Jean, Summulae de dialectica, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.
• –––, Quaestiones topicorum, N. Green-Pedersen (ed.), Turnhout: Brepols, 2008.
• Cardenas, J.,1670, Crisis theologica, Lyon: Arnaud & Borde. (Scholar)
• Cicero, “De inventione,” in Works (II), transl. H. Hubbell, London: Heinemann, 1976. (Scholar)
• Gregory of Rimini, Lectura super primum et secundum Sententiarum, Berlin: De Gruyter, 1987.
• Grosseteste, R., Commentarius in Posteriorum analyticorum libros, Firenze: Olschki, 1981.
• Guillaume d’Auvergne, G., 1674, “De fide et legibus”, in Opera omnia I, Paris: Louis Billaine. (Scholar)
• Locke, John, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.
• Ockham, W., Philosophical Writings, P. Boehner (ed.), Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1964.
• –––, “Summa Logicae,” in Opera philosophica et theologica, tom. I, New York: St. Bonaventure, 1984. (Scholar)
• Panormitanus (N. de Tudeschis), Opera omnia, Frankfurt: Vico 2008.
• Peter of Spain, 1572, Summulae logicales, Venice: F. Sansovinus. (Scholar)
• Prierio, Silvester de, 1606, Summa Silvestrina, Venice: Petrus Bertanus. (Scholar)
• Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologica, Allen, TX: Christian Classics.
• –––, Quaestiones quodlibetales, ed. R. Spiazzi, Turin: Marietti, 1956.
• –––, Summa contra gentiles III.2, ed. V. Bourke, Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
• –––, Commentary on Aristotle’s Posterior Analytics, Notre Dame, IN: Dumb Ox Books, 2007. (Scholar)
• Valla, Lorenzo, Repastinatio dialectice et philosophie II, ed. G. Zippel, Padua: Antenore, 1982.

Secondary literature

• Bach, J., 1881, Des Albertus Magnus Verhältnis zu der Erkenntnislehre der Griechen, Lateiner, Araber und Juden, Vienna: V. Braumüller. (Scholar)
• Bellhouse, D., 2000, “De Vetula – A Medieval Manuscript Containing Probability Calculations,” International Statistical Review, 68: 123–36. (Scholar)
• Black, D., 1990, Logic and Aristotle’s Rhetoric and Poetics in Medieval Arabic Philosophy, Leiden: Brill. (Scholar)
• Brown, R., 1987, “History versus Hacking on Probability,” History of European Ideas, 8: 655–73. (Scholar)
• Byrne, E., 1968, Probability and Opinion. A Study in the Medieval Presuppositions of Post-Medieval Theories of Probability, The Hague: Nijhoff. (Scholar)
• Christensen, D., 2007, “Epistemology of Disagreement,” Philosophical Review, 116: 187–217. (Scholar)
• Cortabarria Beita, A., 1953, Las obras y la filosofia de Alfarabi y Alkindi en los escritos de San Alberto Magno, Santander: Las Caldas de Besaya. (Scholar)
• Cox, V. and J. Ward (ed.), 2006, The Rhetoric of Cicero in its Medieval and Early Renaissance Commentary Tradition, Leiden: Brill. (Scholar)
• Daiber, H., 1990, “Lateinische Übersetzungen arabischer Texte zur Philosophie und ihre Bedeutung für die Scholastik des Mittelalters,” in Rencontres de cultures dans le philosophie médiévale, ed. J. Hamesse, Louvain: Institut d'études médiévales, pp. 203–50. (Scholar)
• Daston, L., 1988, Classical Probability in the Enlightenment, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. (Scholar)
• Decock, W., 2013, Theologians and Contract Law. The Moral Transformation of the Ius Commune (ca. 1500–1650), Leiden: NijHoff. (Scholar)
• Deman, T., 1933, “Probabilis,” Revue des sciences philosophiques et théologiques, 22: 260–90. (Scholar)
• –––, 1936, “Probabilisme,” in Dictionnaire de théologie catholique III.1, ed. A. Vacant and E. Mangenot, Paris: Letouzey et Ané, pp. 417–619. (Scholar)
• Evans, G., 2002, Law and Theology in the Middle Ages, London: Routledge. (Scholar)
• Fleming, J., 2006, Defending Probabilism. The Moral Theology of Juan Caramuel, Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. (Scholar)
• Franklin, J., 2001, The Science of Conjecture, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. (Scholar)
• Fredborg, K. (ed.), 1988, The Latin Rhetorical Commentaries by Thierry of Chartres, Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies. (Scholar)
• Ganzer, K., 2000, Unanimitas, maioritas, pars sanior. Zur repräsentativen Willensbildung von Gemeinschaften in der kirchlichen Rechtsgeschichte, Stuttgart: Steiner. (Scholar)
• Garber, D. and S. Zabell, 1979, “On the Emergence of Probability,” Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 21: 33–53. (Scholar)
• Gardeil, A., 1911, “La ‘certitude probable’,” Revue des sciences philosophiques et théologiques, 5: 237–485. (Scholar)
• Gay, J-P., 2012, Jesuit Civil Wars. Theology, Politics and Government under Tirso González (1687–1705), Farnham: Ashgate. (Scholar)
• Gillies, D., 2000, Philosophical Theories of Probability, London: Ashgate. (Scholar)
• Glucker, J., 1995, “Probabile, Verisimile, and Related Terms,” in Cicero the Philosopher, ed. J. Powell, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 115–44. (Scholar)
• Green-Pedersen, N., 1984, The Tradition of the Topics in the Middle Ages, Munich: Philosophia-Verlag. (Scholar)
• Hacking, I., 1975, The Emergence of Probability, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2006, The Emergence of Probability, revised edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Hájek, A., 2011, “Interpretations of Probability”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2012/entries/probability-interpret/> (Scholar)
• Hald, A., 2003, A History of Probability and Statistics and Their Applications before 1750, New York: Wiley. (Scholar)
• Haskins, E., 2004, “Endoxa, Epistemological Optimism, and Aristotle's Rhetorical Project,” Philosophy and Rhetoric, 37: 1–20. (Scholar)
• Huber, F., “Formal Representations of Belief”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2016 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/formal-belief/> (Scholar)
• Hubert, P., 2009, De praesumptionibus iurisprudentiae, Rome: Gregoriana. (Scholar)
• Judson, L., 1991, “Chance and ‘Always or For the Most Part’ in Aristotle,” in Aristotle’s Physics. A Collection of Essays, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 73–99. (Scholar)
• Kantola, I., 1994, Probability and Moral Uncertainty in Late Medieval and Early Modern Times, Helsinki: Luther-Agricola Society. (Scholar)
• Kennedy, L., 1985, “Late-Fourteenth-Century Philosophical Scepticism at Oxford,” Vivarium, 23: 124–51. (Scholar)
• Knebel, S., 2000, Wille, Würfel und Wahrscheinlichkeit, Hamburg: Meiner. (Scholar)
• –––, 2004, “Wahrscheinlichkeit, III. Scholastik,” in Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie XII, ed. J. Ritter et al., Basel: Schwabe, pp. 252–65. (Scholar)
• Kraut, R., 2006, “How to Justify Ethical Propositions. Aristotle’s Method,” in The Blackwell Guide to Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 76–95. (Scholar)
• Mack, P., 1993, Renaissance Argument. Valla and Agricola in the Traditions of Rhetoric and Dialectic, Leiden: Brill. (Scholar)
• Maryks, R., 2008, Saint Cicero and the Jesuits. The Influence of the Liberal Arts on the Adoption of Moral Probabilism, Aldershot: Ashgate. (Scholar)
• Michalski, K., 1969, La philosophie au XIV^e siècle, Frankfurt: Minerva. (Scholar)
• Miller, L., 1986, “Islamic Disputation Theory. A Study of the Development of Dialectic in Islam from the Tenth through the Fourteenth Centuries”, Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International. (Scholar)
• Motzenbäcker, R., 1958, Die Rechtsvermutung im kanonischen Recht, Munich: Karl Zink. (Scholar)
• Murphy, J., 1981, Rhetoric in the Middle Ages, Berkeley: UCLA Press. (Scholar)
• Nauta, L., 2009, In Defense of Common Sense. Lorenzo Valla’s Humanist Critique of Scholastic Philosophy, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• Otte, G., 1971, Dialektik und Jurisprudenz, Frankfurt: Klostermann. (Scholar)
• Pasnau, R., 2012, “Medieval Social Epistemology: Scientia for Mere Mortals,” Episteme, 7: 23–41. (Scholar)
• Renon, L., 1998, “Aristotle's Endoxa and Plausible Argumentation,” Argumentation, 12: 95–113. (Scholar)
• Rexroth, F., 2012, “Systemvertrauen und Expertenskepsis. Die Utopie vom maßgeschneiderten Wissen in den Kulturen des 12. bis 16. Jahrhunderts,” in Wissen, maßgeschneidet, ed. B. Reich, F. Rexroth and M. Roick, München: Oldenbourg, pp. 12–44. (Scholar)
• Rosemann, P., 2007, The Story of a Great Medieval Book. Peter Lombard’s Sentences, Toronto: University of Toronto Press. (Scholar)
• Rosoni, I., 1995, Quae singula non prosunt collecta iuvant. La teoria della prova indiziaria nell’età medievale e moderna, Milan: Giuffrè. (Scholar)
• Schneider, I., 1988, “The Market Place and Games of Chance in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth centuries,” in Mathematics from Manuscript to Print: 1300–1600, ed. C. Hay, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 20–35. (Scholar)
• Schuessler, R., 2003, Moral im Zweifel, I, Paderborn: mentis. (Scholar)
• –––, 2006, Moral im Zweifel, II, Paderborn: mentis. (Scholar)
• –––, 2009, “Jean Gerson, Moral Certainty and the Renaissance of Ancient Scepticism,” Renaissance Studies, 23: 445–562. (Scholar)
• –––, 2016, “Equi-Probability Prior to 1650,” Early Science and Medicine, 21: 54–74. (Scholar)
• –––, 2019, The Debate on Probable Opinions in the Scholastic Tradition, Leiden: Brill. (Scholar)
• Schütz, L., 1958, Thomas-Lexikon, Stuttgart: Frommann. (Scholar)
• Schwartz, D., 2019, The Political Morality of the Late Scholastics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Seifert, A., 1978, Logik zwischen Scholastik und Humanismus. Das Kommentarwerk Johann Ecks, München: W. Fink. (Scholar)
• Sosa, E., 2010, “The Epistemology of Disagreement,” in Social Epistemology, ed. A. Haddock, I. Miller and D. Pritchard, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 278–96. (Scholar)
• Spranzi-Zuber, M., 2011, The Art of Dialectic between Dialogue and Rhetoric, Amsterdam: Benjamins. (Scholar)
• Tutino, S., 2018, Uncertainty in Post-Reformation Catholicism. A History of Probabilism, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Von Moos, P., 1991, “ ‘Was allen oder den meisten oder den Sach- kundigen richtig scheint.’ Über das Fortleben des endoxon im Mittelalter,” in Historia Philosophiae Medii Aevi II, ed. B. Mojsich and O. Pluta, Amsterdam: Grüner, pp. 711–743.
• –––, 2006, “Die ‘bloße’ und die wahrheitsfähige Meinung im Mittelalter,” in Macht Wissen Wahrheit, ed. K. Hempfer and A. Traninger, Freiburg: Rombach, pp. 55–75. (Scholar)
• Winter, M., 1997, “Aristotle, hos epi to polu Relations, and a Demonstrative Science of Ethics,” Phronesis, 42: 163–89. (Scholar)