A. Books and Articles in the Philosophy of Human Rights

• [AAA] American Anthropological Association, 1947, “Statement on Human Rights”, American Anthropologist, 49(4): 539–543. doi:10.1525/aa.1947.49.4.02a00020 [AAA 1947 available online] (Scholar)
• –––, 2020, “Declaration on Anthropology and Human Rights” [AAA 1999 available online]. (Scholar)
• Alston, Philip, 1984, “Conjuring Up New Human Rights: A Proposal For Quality Control”, American Journal of International Law, 78(3): 607–621. doi:10.2307/2202599 (Scholar)
• Ashford, Elizabeth, 2006, “The Inadequacy of Our Traditional Conception of the Duties Imposed by Human Rights”, The Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, 19(2): 217–235. doi:10.1017/s0841820900004082 (Scholar)
• –––, 2014, “Responsibility for Violations of the Human Right to Subsistence”, in Meyers 2014: 94–118 (ch. 4). (Scholar)
• –––, 2015, “A Moral Inconsistency Argument for a Basic Human Right to Subsistence”, in Cruft, Liao, and Renzo 2015: 515–534 (ch. 29). doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199688623.003.0030 (Scholar)
• Bauer, Joanne R. and Daniel Bell (eds), 1999, The East Asian Challenge for Human Rights, Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Beetham, David, 1995, “What Future for Economic and Social Rights?”, Political Studies, 43(1): 41–60. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.1995.tb01735.x (Scholar)
• Beitz, Charles R., 2009, The Idea of Human Rights, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572458.001.0001 (Scholar)
• –––, 2013, “Human Dignity in the Theory of Human Rights: Nothing But a Phrase?”, Philosophy & Public Affairs, 41(3): 259–290. doi:10.1111/papa.12017 (Scholar)
• –––, 2015, “The Force of Subsistence Rights”, in Cruft, Liao, and Renzo 2015: 535–552 (ch. 30). doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199688623.003.0031 (Scholar)
• Besson, Samantha, 2015, “The Bearers of Human Rights’ Duties and Responsibilities for Human Rights: A Quiet (R)evolution?”, Social Philosophy and Policy, 32(1): 244–268. doi:10.1017/s0265052515000151 (Scholar)
• Beyleveld, Deryck, 1991, The Dialectical Necessity of Morality: An Analysis and Defense of Alan Gewirth’s Argument to the Principle of Generic Consistency, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Scholar)
• Bodansky, Daniel, 2009, “Introduction: Climate Change and Human Rights: Unpacking the Issues Symposium: International Human Rights and Climate Change”, Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, 38(3): 511–524. (Scholar)
• Boylan, Michael (ed.), 1999, Gewirth: Critical Essays on Action, Rationality, and Community (Studies in Social, Political, and Legal Philosophy), Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. (Scholar)
• Brake, Elizabeth, 2022, “Rights to Belong and Rights to Be Left Alone?: Claims to Caring Relationships and Their Limits”, in Brownlee, Jenkins, and Neal 2022: 211–233 (ch. 11). doi:10.1093/oso/9780198871194.003.0012 (Scholar)
• Brandt, Richard B., 1983, “The Concept of a Moral Right and Its Function”, The Journal of Philosophy, 80(1): 29–45. doi:10.2307/2026285 (Scholar)
• Brems, Eva, 2009, “Human Rights: Minimum and Maximum Perspectives”, Human Rights Law Review, 9(3): 349–372. doi:10.1093/hrlr/ngp016 (Scholar)
• Brock, Gillian, 2020, Justice for People on the Move: Migration in Challenging Times, Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108774581 (Scholar)
• Brownlee, Kimberley, 2015, “Do We Have a Human Right to the Political Determinants of Health?”, in Cruft, Liao, and Renzo 2015: 502–514 (ch. 28). doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199688623.003.0029 (Scholar)
• –––, 2018, “Dwelling in Possibility: Ideals, Aspirations, and Human Rights”, in Etinson 2018b: 313–326 (ch. 9). doi:10.1093/oso/9780198713258.003.0019 (Scholar)
• –––, 2020, Being Sure of Each Other: An Essay on Social Rights and Freedoms, Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198714064.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Brownlee, Kimberley, David Jenkins, and Adam Neal (eds), 2022, Being Social: The Philosophy of Social Human Rights, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198871194.001.0001
• Buchanan, Allen E., 2010, Human Rights, Legitimacy, and the Use of Force, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2013, The Heart of Human Rights, Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199325382.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Bunch, Charlotte, 1990, “Women’s Rights as Human Rights: Toward a Revision of Human Rights”, Human Rights Quarterly 12: 486–498. (Scholar)
• Campbell, Tom and Kylie Bourne (eds), 2017, Political and Legal Approaches to Human Rights, Abingdon/New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315179711 (Scholar)
• Caney, Simon, 2009, “Climate Change, Human Rights and Moral Thresholds”, in Human Rights and Climate Change, Stephen Humphreys (ed.), Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 69–90. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511770722.004 (Scholar)
• Cohen, Joshua, 2004, “Minimalism About Human Rights: The Most We Can Hope For?”, Journal of Political Philosophy, 12(2): 190–213. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9760.2004.00197.x (Scholar)
• Collins, Stephanie, 2016, “The Claims and Duties of Socioeconomic Human Rights”, The Philosophical Quarterly, 66(265): 701–722. doi:10.1093/pq/pqw010 (Scholar)
• –––, 2022, “A Human Right to Relationships?”, in Brownlee, Jenkins, and Neal 2022: 31–51 (ch. 2). doi:10.1093/oso/9780198871194.003.0003 (Scholar)
• Corradetti, Claudio, 2009, Relativism and Human Rights: A Theory of Pluralistic Universalism, Dordrecht: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9986-1 (Scholar)
• ––– (ed.), 2012, Philosophical Dimensions of Human Rights: Some Contemporary Views, Dordrecht: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2376-4 (Scholar)
• Corrigan, Daniel P., 2022, “Political Confucianism and Human Rights”, Journal of Confucian Philosophy and Culture, 37: 91–116. (Scholar)
• Cranston, Maurice, 1967, “Human Rights, Real and Supposed”, in Political Theory and the Rights of Man, D. D. Raphael (ed.), Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 43–51. (Scholar)
• –––, 1973, What Are Human Rights?, London, Bodley Head. A greatly extended version of the 1962 original. (Scholar)
• Crisp, Roger (ed.), 2014, Griffin on Human Rights, New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199668731.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Cruft, Rowan, 2005, “Human Rights, Individualism and Cultural Diversity”, Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 8(3): 265–287. doi:10.1080/13698230500187151 (Scholar)
• –––, 2012, “Human Rights as Rights”, in Ernst and Heilinger 2012: 129–158. doi:10.1515/9783110263886.129 (Scholar)
• –––, 2019, Human Rights, Ownership, and the Individual, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198793366.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Cruft, Rowan, S. Matthew Liao, and Massimo Renzo (eds), 2015, Philosophical Foundations of Human Rights (Philosophical Foundations of Law), Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199688623.001.0001
• Darby, Derrick, 2009, Rights, Race, and Recognition, Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511626616 (Scholar)
• Den Hartogh, Govert, 2014, “Is Human Dignity the Ground of Human Rights?”, in The Cambridge Handbook of Human Dignity, Marcus Düwell, Jens Braarvig, Roger Brownsword, and Dietmar Mieth (eds), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 200–207. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511979033.025 (Scholar)
• Dershowitz, Alan M., 2004, Rights from Wrongs: A Secular Theory of the Origins of Rights, New York: Basic Books. (Scholar)
• Donnelly, Jack, and Daniel J. Whelan, 2020, Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice, 6th edition, New York: Routledge. (Scholar)
• Dworkin, Ronald, 1978, Taking Rights Seriously, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2011, Justice for Hedgehogs, Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• Ernst, Gerhard and Jan-Christoph Heilinger (eds), 2012, The Philosophy of Human Rights: Contemporary Controversies, Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110263886
• Etinson, Adam, 2013, “Human Rights, Claimability and the Uses of Abstraction”, Utilitas, 25(4): 463–486. doi:10.1017/s0953820813000101 (Scholar)
• –––, 2018a, “Some Myths about Ethnocentrism”, Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 96(2): 209–224. doi:10.1080/00048402.2017.1343363 (Scholar)
• ––– (ed.), 2018b, Human Rights: Moral or Political?, Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198713258.001.0001
• –––, 2020, “What’s So Special About Human Dignity?”, Philosophy & Public Affairs, 48(4): 353–381. doi:10.1111/papa.12175 (Scholar)
• –––, forthcoming, “The Lure of Minimalism” in Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Human Rights, Jesse Tomalty and Kerri Woods (eds), London: Routledge. (Scholar)
• Feinberg, Joel, 1973, Social Philosophy (Foundations of Philosophy Series), Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall. (Scholar)
• Fellmeth, Aaron Xavier, 2016, Paradigms of International Human Rights Law, New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190611279.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Finnis, John, 2011, Natural Law and Natural Rights (Clarendon Law Series), second edition, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2015, “Grounding Human Rights in Natural Law”, The American Journal of Jurisprudence, 60(2): 199–225. doi:10.1093/ajj/auv013 (Scholar)
• Flikschuh, Katrin, 2011, “On the Cogency of Human Rights”, Jurisprudence, 2(1): 17–36. doi:10.5235/204033211796290335 (Scholar)
• –––, 2016, “How Far Human Rights?”, Jurisprudence, 7(1): 85–92. doi:10.1080/20403313.2016.1148425 (Scholar)
• Follesdal, Andreas, 2018, “Appreciating the Margin of Appreciation”, in Etinson 2018b: 269–294 (ch. 8). doi:10.1093/oso/9780198713258.003.0017 (Scholar)
• Forst, Rainer, 2007, Recht auf Rechtfertigung, Frankfurt (am Main): Suhrkamp. Translated as The Right to Justification: Elements of a Constructivist Theory of Justice (New Directions in Critical Theory), Jeffrey Flynn (trans.), New York: Columbia University Press. (Scholar)
• Gardiner, Stephen M., 2013, “Human Rights in a Hostile Climate”, in Holder and Reidy 2013: 211–230 (ch. 11). (Scholar)
• Gewirth, Alan, 1978, Reason and Morality, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1982, Human Rights: Essays on Justification and Applications, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1996, The Community of Rights, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Scholar)
• Gheaus, Anca, 2013, “The Feasibility Constraint on The Concept of Justice”, The Philosophical Quarterly, 63(252): 445–464. doi:10.1111/1467-9213.12058 (Scholar)
• –––, 2022, “The Role of Solitude in the Politics of Sociability”, in Brownlee, Jenkins, and Neal 2022: 234–251 (ch. 12). doi:10.1093/oso/9780198871194.003.0013 (Scholar)
• Gilabert, Pablo, 2009, “The Feasibility of Basic Socioeconomic Human Rights: A Conceptual Exploration”, The Philosophical Quarterly, 59(237): 659–681. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9213.2008.590.x (Scholar)
• –––, 2010, “The Importance of Linkage Arguments for the Theory and Practice of Human Rights: A Response to James Nickel”, Human Rights Quarterly, 32(2): 425–438. doi:10.1353/hrq.0.0143 (Scholar)
• –––, 2012, From Global Poverty to Global Equality: A Philosophical Exploration, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199639717.001.0001 (Scholar)
• –––, 2018a, “Reflections on Human Rights and Power”, in Etinson 2018b: 375–399 (ch. 11). doi:10.1093/oso/9780198713258.003.0023 (Scholar)
• –––, 2018b, Human Dignity and Human Rights, Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198827221.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Glendon, Mary Ann, 2001, A World Made New: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, New York: Random House. (Scholar)
• Gould, Carol C., 2004, Globalizing Democracy and Human Rights, Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511617096 (Scholar)
• Green, Leslie, 2010, “Two Worries about Respect for Persons”, Ethics, 120(2): 212–231. doi:10.1086/651425 (Scholar)
• Griffin, James, 2008, On Human Rights, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238781.001.0001
• Hart, H. L. A., 1955, “Are There Any Natural Rights?”, The Philosophical Review, 64(2): 175–191. doi:10.2307/2182586 (Scholar)
• Hassoun, Nicole, 2013, “Human Rights and the Minimally Good Life”, Res Philosophica, 90(3): 413–438. doi:10.11612/resphil.2013.90.3.6 (Scholar)
• –––, 2020a, Global Health Impact: Extending Access to Essential Medicines, New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197514993.001.0001 (Scholar)
• –––, 2020b, “The Human Right to Health: A Defense”, Journal of Social Philosophy, 51(2): 158–179. doi:10.1111/josp.12298 (Scholar)
• Hayden, Patrick (ed.), 2001, The Philosophy of Human Rights (Paragon Issues in Philosophy), St. Paul, MN: Paragon House. (Scholar)
• Hayward, Tim, 2005, Constitutional Environmental Rights, Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/0199278687.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Henkin, Louis, 1978, The Rights of Man Today (Gottesman Lectures), Boulder, CO: Westview Press. (Scholar)
• Holder, Cindy and David Reidy (eds), 2013, Human Rights: The Hard Questions, New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Holmes, Stephen and Cass R. Sunstein, 1999, The Cost of Rights: Why Liberty Depends on Taxes, New York: W.W. Norton. (Scholar)
• Hoover, Joe, 2016, Reconstructing Human Rights: A Pragmatist and Pluralist Inquiry into Global Ethics, Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198782803.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Hope, Simon, 2015, “Human Rights Without the Human Good?”, in Cruft, Liao, and Renzo 2015: 608–623 (ch. 34). doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199688623.003.0035 (Scholar)
• Howard, Rhoda, 1983, “The Full-Belly Thesis: Should Economic Rights Take Priority over Civil and Political Rights? Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa”, Human Rights Quarterly, 5(4): 467–490. doi:10.2307/762231 (Scholar)
• Ignatieff, Michael, 2004, The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror (The Gifford Lectures), Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. (Scholar)
• Jones, Peter, 1994, Rights, Houndmills/Basingstoke: Macmillan. (Scholar)
• Kamm, Frances Myrna, 1986, “Harming, Not Aiding, and Positive Rights”, Philosophy & Public Affairs, 15(1): 3–32. (Scholar)
• –––, 2001, “Conflicts of Rights: Typology, Methodology, and Nonconsequentialism”, Legal Theory, 7(3): 239–255. doi:10.1017/s1352325201073025 (Scholar)
• –––, 2007, Intricate Ethics: Rights, Responsibilities, and Permissible Harm (Oxford Ethics Series), Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189698.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Kant, Immanuel, 1785 [1996], The Metaphysics of Morals, in Mary J. Gregor, ed., Practical Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 37–108. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511813306.007. (Scholar)
• Kateb, George, 2011, Human Dignity, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• Kaufmann, Paulus, Hannes Kuch, Christian Neuhäuser, and Elaine Webster (eds), 2011, Humiliation, Degradation, Dehumanization: Human Dignity Violated (Library of Ethics and Applied Philosophy 24), Dordrecht/New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9661-6 (Scholar)
• Kennedy, David, 2004, The Dark Sides of Virtue: Reassessing International Humanitarianism, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. (Scholar)
• Killmister, Suzy, 2020, Contours of Dignity, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198844365.001.0001 (Scholar)
• –––, 2019, “The Warty Conception of Human Rights”, Journal of Human Rights, 18(5): 564–578. doi:10.1080/14754835.2019.1647099 (Scholar)
• King, Jeff, 2012, Judging Social Rights (Cambridge Studies in Constitutional Law), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139051750 (Scholar)
• Kiyama, Kosuke, 2019, “Human Rights Based on Human Dignity: Defence and Elaboration through an Examination of Andrea Sangiovanni’s Critique”, Journal of Global Studies, 9: 1–24. (Scholar)
• Kymlicka, Will, 1989, Liberalism, Community, and Culture, Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Scholar)
• ––– (ed.), 1995, The Rights of Minority Cultures, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2018, “Human Rights without Human Supremacism”, Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 48(6): 763–792. doi:10.1080/00455091.2017.1386481 (Scholar)
• Lacroix, Justine and Jean-Yves Pranchère, 2016, Le procès des droits de l’homme: généalogie du scepticisme démocratique (La couleur des idées), Paris: Éditions du Seuil. Translated as Human Rights on Trial: A Genealogy of the Critique of Human Rights (Human Rights in History), Gabrielle Maas (trans.), Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018. doi:10.1017/9781108334884 (Scholar)
• Lafont, Cristina, 2012, Global Governance and Human Rights, Amsterdam: van Gorcum. (Scholar)
• Langford, Malcolm, Andy Sumner, and Alicia Ely Yamin (eds), 2013, The Millennium Development Goals and Human Rights: Past, Present and Future, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139410892 (Scholar)
• Langford, Malcolm and Katharine G. Young (eds), 2022, The Oxford Handbook of Economic and Social Rights, Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197550021.001.0001
• Lauren, Paul Gordon, 1998 [2003], The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen (Pennsylvania Studies in Human Rights), Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. Second edition, 2003. (Scholar)
• Lee, Patrick and Robert P. George, 2008, “The Nature and Basis of Human Dignity”, Ratio Juris, 21(2): 173–193. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9337.2008.00386.x (Scholar)
• Letsas, George, 2006, “Two Concepts of the Margin of Appreciation”, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 26(4): 705–732. doi:10.1093/ojls/gql030 (Scholar)
• –––, 2014, “Review of Buchanan, The Heart of Human Rights”, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews, 2014.05.24. [Letsas 2014 available online] (Scholar)
• –––, 2015a, “Dworkin on Human Rights”, Jurisprudence, 6(2): 327–340. doi:10.1080/20403313.2015.1044309 (Scholar)
• –––, 2015b, “Rescuing Proportionality”, in Cruft, Liao, and Renzo 2015: 316–340 (ch. 17). doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199688623.003.0018 (Scholar)
• Liao, S. Matthew, 2015a, “Human Rights as Fundamental Conditions for a Good Life”, in Cruft, Liao, and Renzo 2015: 79–100 (ch. 3). doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199688623.003.0004 (Scholar)
• –––, 2015b, The Right to Be Loved, New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190234836.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Liao, S. Matthew and Adam Etinson, 2012, “Political and Naturalistic Conceptions of Human Rights: A False Polemic?”, Journal of Moral Philosophy, 9(3): 327–352. doi:10.1163/17455243-00903008 (Scholar)
• Locke, John, 1689, “The Second Treatise of Government”, in Two Treatises of Government, London. New York: Prometheus Books, 1986. (Scholar)
• Lockwood, Bert B. (ed.), 2006, Women’s Rights: A Human Rights Quarterly Reader, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Luban, David, 2015, “Human Rights Pragmatism and Human Dignity”, in Cruft, Liao, and Renzo 2015: 263–278 (ch. 14). doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199688623.003.0015 (Scholar)
• Macklin, Ruth, 2003, “Dignity is a Useless Concept,” BMJ 327(7429): 1419–1420. (Scholar)
• Maliks, Reidar and Johan Karlsson Schaffer (eds), 2017, Moral and Political Conceptions of Human Rights: Implications for Theory and Practice, Cambridge, UK/New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316650134 (Scholar)
• Maritain, Jacques, 1948, “Introduction” to Human Rights: Comments and Interpretations, Paris: UNESCO. (Scholar)
• McCrudden, Christopher, 2008, “Human Dignity and Judicial Interpretation of Human Rights”, European Journal of International Law, 19(4): 655–724. doi:10.1093/ejil/chn043 (Scholar)
• ––– (ed.), 2013, Understanding Human Dignity (Proceedings of the British Academy 192), Oxford: Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press. doi:10.5871/bacad/9780197265642.001.0001
• Meckled-Garcia, Saladin, 2013, “Giving Up the Goods: Rethinking the Human Right to Subsistence, Institutional Justice, and Imperfect Duties”, Journal of Applied Philosophy, 30(1): 73–87. doi:10.1111/japp.12005 (Scholar)
• –––, 2015, “Specifying Human Rights”, in Cruft, Liao, and Renzo 2015: 300–315 (ch. 16). doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199688623.003.0017 (Scholar)
• Metz, Thaddeus, 2012, “African Conceptions of Human Dignity: Vitality and Community as the Ground of Human Rights”, Human Rights Review, 13(1): 19–37. doi:10.1007/s12142-011-0200-4 (Scholar)
• –––, 2010, “Human Dignity, Capital Punishment, and an African Moral Theory: Toward a New Philosophy of Human Rights”, Journal of Human Rights, 9(1): 81–99. doi:10.1080/14754830903530300 (Scholar)
• Meyer, Michael J., 1989, “Dignity, Rights, and Self-Control”, Ethics, 99(3): 520–534. doi:10.1086/293095 (Scholar)
• –––, 2001, “The Simple Dignity of Sentient Life: Speciesism and Human Dignity”, Journal of Social Philosophy, 32(2): 115–126. doi:10.1111/0047-2786.00083 (Scholar)
• Meyers, Diana T., 1985, Inalienable Rights: A Defense, New York: Columbia University Press. (Scholar)
• ––– (ed.), 2014, Poverty, Agency, and Human Rights, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199975877.001.0001
• –––, 2016, Victims’ Stories and the Advancement of Human Rights, New York: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Miller, David, 2012, “Grounding Human Rights”, Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 15(4): 407–427. doi:10.1080/13698230.2012.699396 (Scholar)
• Miller, Richard, 2010, Global Justice: The Ethics of Poverty and Power, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Morsink, Johannes, 1999, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Origins, Drafting, and Intent (Pennsylvania Studies in Human Rights), Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2009, Inherent Human Rights: Philosophical Roots of the Universal Declaration (Pennsylvania Studies in Human Rights), Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. (Scholar)
• Moyn, Samuel, 2010, The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2018, Not Enough: Human Rights in an Unequal World, Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• Mutua, Makau, 2002, Human Rights: A Political and Cultural Critique (Pennsylvania Studies in Human Rights), Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. (Scholar)
• Nickel, James W., 2007, Making Sense of Human Rights, second edition, Malden, MA: Blackwell. Revised and extended version of the 1987 first edition, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2008, “Rethinking Indivisibility: Towards A Theory of Supporting Relations between Human Rights”, Human Rights Quarterly, 30(4): 984–1001. doi:10.1353/hrq.0.0046 (Scholar)
• –––, 2013, “Goals and Rights--Working Together?”, in Malcolm Langford, Andy Sumner, andd Alicia Ely Yamin, eds., The Millenium Development Goals: Past, Present, and Future, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 37–48. doi:10.1017/cb09781139410892 (Scholar)
• –––, 2016, “Can a Right to Health Care Be Justified by Linkage Arguments?”, Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 37(4): 293–306. doi:10.1007/s11017-016-9369-5 (Scholar)
• –––, 2022a, “Linkage Arguments For and Against Rights”, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 42(1): 27–47. doi:10.1093/ojls/gqab020 (Scholar)
• –––, 2022b, “Moral Grounds for Economic and Social Rights”, in Langford and Young 2022. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197550021.013.83 (Scholar)
• Nozick, Robert, 1974, Anarchy, State, and Utopia, New York: Basic Books. (Scholar)
• Nussbaum, Martha C., 1997, “Capabilities and Human Rights”, Fordham Law Review, 66(2): 273–300. (Scholar)
• –––, 2000, Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach (The John Robert Seeley Lectures), Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511841286 (Scholar)
• –––, 2006, Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality, Species Membership (The Tanner Lectures on Human Values), Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press : Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• O’Neill, Onora, 1986, Faces of Hunger: An Essay on Poverty, Justice, and Development (Studies in Applied Philosophy), London/Boston: G. Allen & Unwin. (Scholar)
• –––, 2005, “The Dark Side of Human Rights”, International Affairs, 81(2): 427–439. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2005.00459.x (Scholar)
• Okin, Susan Moller, 1998, “Feminism, Women’s Human Rights, and Cultural Differences”, Hypatia, 13(2): 32–52. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1998.tb01224.x (Scholar)
• Orend, Brian, 2002, Human Rights: Concept and Context, Peterborough, Ont./Orchard Park, NY: Broadview Press. (Scholar)
• Pogge, Thomas, 2002, World Poverty and Human Rights: Cosmopolitan Responsibilities and Reforms, Cambridge: Polity Press. (Scholar)
• Rathore, Aakash Singh and Alex Cistelecan (eds), 2012, Wronging Rights? Philosophical Challenges for Human Rights (Ethics, Human Rights and Global Political Thought), Abingdon/New Delhi: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203814031 (Scholar)
• Rawls, John, 1971, A Theory of Justice, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1999, The Law of Peoples: with, The Idea of Public Reason Revisited, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• Raz, Joseph, 2010, “Human Rights Without Foundations”, in The Philosophy of International Law, Samantha Besson and John Tasioulas (eds), Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 321–338 (ch. 15). (Scholar)
• Reidy, David A., 2010, “Human Rights and Liberal Toleration”, Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence, 23(2): 287–317. doi:10.1017/s084182090000494x (Scholar)
• –––, 2012, “On the Human Right to Democracy: Searching for Sense without Stilts”, Journal of Social Philosophy, 43(2): 177–203. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9833.2012.01557.x (Scholar)
• –––, 2013, “Cosmopolitanism and Human Rights”, in The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy, Gerald F. Gaus and Fred D’Agostino (eds), New York: Routledge, 494–504. (Scholar)
• Reinbold, Jenna, 2017, Seeing the Myth in Human Rights (Pennsylvania Studies in Human Rights), Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. (Scholar)
• Renteln, Alison Dundes, 1990, International Human Rights: Universalism versus Relativism (Frontiers of Anthropology 6), Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. (Scholar)
• Renzo, Massimo, 2012, “Crimes Against Humanity and the Limits of International Criminal Law”, Law and Philosophy, 31(4): 443–476. doi:10.1007/s10982-012-9127-4 (Scholar)
• –––, 2015a, “Human Needs, Human Rights*”, in Cruft, Liao, and Renzo 2015: 570–587 (ch. 32). doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199688623.003.0033 (Scholar)
• –––, 2015b, “Human Rights and the Priority of the Moral”, Social Philosophy and Policy, 32(1): 127–148. doi:10.1017/s0265052515000102 (Scholar)
• Richards, Charlie, 2023, “Feasibility and Social Rights”, Politics, Philosophy & Economics, 22(4): 470–494. doi:10.1177/1470594x231163280 (Scholar)
• Rosen, Michael, 2012, Dignity: Its History and Meaning, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674065512 (Scholar)
• –––, 2013, “Dignity: The Case Against”, in McCrudden 2013: 143–154. (Scholar)
• Rorty, Richard, 1993 [1998], “Human Rights, Rationality, and Sentimentality”, in On Human Rights: The Oxford Amnesty Lectures 1993, Stephen Shute and Susan L. Hurley (eds), New York: Basic Books, 111–134. Collected in his Truth and Progress: Philosophical Papers, volume 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 167–185. (Scholar)
• Sangiovanni, Andrea, 2016, “Are Moral Rights Necessary for the Justification of International Legal Human Rights?”, Ethics & International Affairs, 30(4): 471–481. doi:10.1017/s0892679416000447 (Scholar)
• –––, 2017, Humanity without Dignity: Moral Equality, Respect, and Human Rights, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• Sen, Amartya, 1997, Human Rights and Asian Values (Sixteenth Morgenthau Memorial Lecture on Ethics & Foreign Policy), New York: Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs. [Sen 1997 available online] (Scholar)
• –––, 2004, “Elements of a Theory of Human Rights”, Philosophy & Public Affairs, 32(4): 315–356. doi:10.1111/j.1088-4963.2004.00017.x (Scholar)
• –––, 2005, “Human Rights and Capabilities”, Journal of Human Development, 6(2): 151–166. doi:10.1080/14649880500120491 (Scholar)
• Shue, Henry, 1980, Basic Rights: Subsistence, Affluence, and U.S. Foreign Policy, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; second edition, 1996; 40th anniversary edition, 2020. (Scholar)
• –––, 2022, “Interlocking Rights, Layered Protections: Varieties of Justifications for Social Rights”, in Brownlee, Jenkins, and Neal 2022: 18–30 (ch. 1). doi:10.1093/oso/9780198871194.003.0002 (Scholar)
• Sim, May, 2013, “Confucian Values and Human Rights”, The Review of Metaphysics, 67(1): 3–27. (Scholar)
• Simmons, Beth A., 2009, Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics, Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Song, Jiewuh, 2019, “Human Rights and Inequality”, Philosophy & Public Affairs, 47(4): 347–377. doi:10.1111/papa.12152 (Scholar)
• Sreenivasan, Gopal, 2005, “A Hybrid Theory of Claim-Rights”, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 25(2): 257–274. doi:10.1093/ojls/gqi013 (Scholar)
• Stemplowska, Zofia, 2009, “On the Real World Duties Imposed on Us by Human Rights”, Journal of Social Philosophy, 40(4): 466–487. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9833.2009.01466.x (Scholar)
• –––, 2022, “Is Humanity under a Duty to Deliver Socioeconomic Human Rights?”, Journal of Applied Philosophy, 39(2): 202–211. doi:10.1111/japp.12521 (Scholar)
• Sumner, L. W., 1987, The Moral Foundation of Rights, Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Scholar)
• Sumner, William Graham, 1906, Folkways: A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals, Boston: Ginn and Co. (Scholar)
• Talbott, W. J., 2005, Which Rights Should Be Universal?, New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780195331349.001.0001 (Scholar)
• –––, 2010, Human Rights and Human Well-Being (Oxford Political Philosophy), Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173482.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Tasioulas, John, 2010, “Taking Rights out of Human Rights” (review of Griffin 2008), Ethics, 120(4): 647–678. doi:10.1086/653432 (Scholar)
• –––, 2012a, “On the Nature of Human Rights”, in Ernst and Heilinger 2012: 17–60. doi:10.1515/9783110263886.17 (Scholar)
• –––, 2012b, “Towards a Philosophy of Human Rights”, Current Legal Problems, 65(1): 1–30. doi:10.1093/clp/cus013 (Scholar)
• –––, 2015, “On the Foundations of Human Rights”, in Cruft, Liao, and Renzo 2015: 45–70 (ch. 1). doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199688623.003.0002 (Scholar)
• –––, 2019, “Saving Human Rights from Human Rights Law”, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 52(5): 1167–1207 (article 5). (Scholar)
• Taylor, Charles, 1999, “Conditions of an Unforced Consensus on Human Rights”, in Bauer and Bell 1999: 124–146 (ch. 6). (Scholar)
• Tesón, Fernando R., 1988 [2005], Humanitarian Intervention: An Inquiry into Law and Morality, Dobbs Ferry, NY: Transnational Publishers. 3rd edition, fully revised and updated, Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers, 2005. (Scholar)
• Thomson, Judith Jarvis, 1990, The Realm of Rights, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• Tierney, Brian, 1997, The Idea of Natural Rights: Studies on Natural Rights, Natural Law, and Church Law, 1150–1625 (Emory University Studies in Law and Religion 5), Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press. (Scholar)
• Tomalty, Jesse, 2014, “The Force of the Claimability Objection to the Human Right to Subsistence”, Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 44(1): 1–17. doi:10.1080/00455091.2014.900211 (Scholar)
• –––, 2016, “Justifying International Legal Human Rights”, Ethics & International Affairs, 30(4): 483–490. doi:10.1017/s0892679416000459 (Scholar)
• –––, 2020, “The Link between Subsistence and Human Rights”, in The Oxford Handbook of Global Justice, Thom Brooks (ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 182–198. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198714354.013.9 (Scholar)
• Tomasi, John, 2012, Free Market Fairness, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. (Scholar)
• Tuck, Richard, 1979, Natural Rights Theories: Their Origin and Development, Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139163569 (Scholar)
• Valentini, Laura, 2017, “Dignity and Human Rights: A Reconceptualisation”, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 37(4): 862–885. doi:10.1093/ojls/gqx011 (Scholar)
• Vanderheiden, Steve, 2008, Atmospheric Justice: A Political Theory of Climate Change, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334609.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Waldron, Jeremy (ed.), 1987, ‘Nonsense upon Stilts’: Bentham, Burke, and Marx on the Rights of Man (University Paperbacks), London/New York: Methuen. (Scholar)
• –––, 2012, Dignity, Rank, and Rights, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2015, “Is Dignity the Foundation of Human Rights?”, in Cruft, Liao, and Renzo 2015: 117–137 (ch. 5). doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199688623.003.0006 (Scholar)
• –––, 2018, “Human Rights: A Critique of the Raz/Rawls Approach”, in Etinson 2018b: 117–138 (ch. 3). doi:10.1093/oso/9780198713258.003.0007 (Scholar)
• –––, 2020, “Rights and Human Rights”, in The Cambridge Companion to the Philosophy of Law, John Tasioulas (ed.), Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 152–170. doi:10.1017/9781316104439.009 (Scholar)
• Wellman, Carl, 1995, Real Rights, New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780195095005.001.0001 (Scholar)
• –––, 1998, The Proliferation of Rights: Moral Progress or Empty Rhetoric?, Boulder, CO: Westview Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2010, The Moral Dimensions of Human Rights, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199744787.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Wellman, Christopher Heath, 2012, “Debate: Taking Human Rights Seriously*”, Journal of Political Philosophy, 20(1): 119–130. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9760.2011.00407.x (Scholar)
• Wenar, Leif, 2005, “The Nature of Rights”, Philosophy & Public Affairs, 33(3): 223–252. doi:10.1111/j.1088-4963.2005.00032.x (Scholar)
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• Williams, Bernard, 1972 [1993], Morality: An Introduction to Ethics (Harper Torchbooks, TB 1632), New York: Harper & Row. New edtion, Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107325869 (Scholar)
• Wolff, Jonathan, 2012, The Human Right to Health (Amnesty International Global Ethics Series), New York: W.W. Norton & Co. (Scholar)
• Wolterstorff, Nicholas, 2008, Justice: Rights and Wrongs, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. (Scholar)

B. Legal Declarations

• Europe
  • European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), adopted 1950, came into force 3 September 1953. ECHR available online (PDF)] (Scholar)
  • European Social Charter, came into force 26 February 1965 [European Social Charter available online (pdf)]
  • Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (CFR), adopted 7 December 2007, came into force 1 December 2009. [Fundamental Rights available online]
• United Nations
  • Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), proclaimed 10 December 1948. [UDHR available online]
  • International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, adopted 21 December 1965. [available online]
  • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), adopted 16 December 1966. ICCPR available online]
  • International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), adopted 16 December 1966. [ICESCR available online]
  • Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), adopted 1979. [CEDAW available online]
  • Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted 20 November 1989. [CRC available online]
  • Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), adopted 13 December 2006, opened for signing 2007. [CRPD available online]
  • Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (DRIP), adopted 13 September 2007. [DRIP available online]
  • A/RES/76/300 The human right to a clean, healthy and substainable environment, adopted 28 July 2022. [A/RES/76/300 available online (pdf)]
• Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, adopted 17 July 1998, came into force 1 July 2002. [Rome Statute available online]
• Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, adopted 25 June 1993, World Conference of Human Rights in Vienna. [Vienna Declaration 1993 available online]
• United States Constitution
• Declaration of Independence (United States), July 1776. US Declaration of Independence available online
• American Convention on Human Rights (Pact of San José), adopted 22 November 1969, came into force 18 July 1978. [American Convention on Human Rights available online]
• African (Banjul) Charter on Human and People’s Rights, adopted 27 June 1981, came into force 21 October 1986. [African Charter available online (pdf)]