Primary Sources: Works by Spencer

• 1851 [1970], Social Statics, London: John Chapman; reprinted Robert Schalkenbach Foundation, 1970.
• 1855, The Principles of Psychology, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.
• 1857 [1901], “Progress: Its Law and Cause”, The Westminster Review, April 1857; reprinted in Spencer 1901: I, 8–62. (Scholar)
• 1862 [1900], First Principles, London: Williams and Norgate; sixth edition, New York: Appleton and Company, 1900.
• 1864–1867, The Principles of Biology, 2 volumes, London: Williams and Norgate.
• 1868–74 [1901], Essays: Moral, Political and Speculative, 3 volumes, London: Williams and Norgate, 1901. (Scholar)
• 1873 [1969], The Study of Sociology, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1969.
• 1876, “Professor Calderwood on Intuitionism in Morals”, Mind, 1(4): 563–566. (Scholar)
• 1879–93 [1978], The Principles of Ethics, 2 volumes, Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1978. (Scholar)
• 1881, “Replies to Criticism on The Data of Ethics”, Mind, 6(21): 82–98; reprinted in Spencer 1879–93 [1978, II, Appendix E]. (Scholar)
• 1884 [1981], The Man Versus the State, Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1981.
• 1893a, “Evolutionary Ethics”, The Athenæum, 3432 (5 August): 193–194; reprinted in Spencer 1901. (Scholar)
• 1893b, “The Inadequacy of ‘Natural Selection’”, The Contemporary Review, 63: 153–166, 439–456. (Scholar)
• 1896, “The Relations of Biology, Psychology and Sociology” Popular Science Monthly, 50: 163–71. (Scholar)
• 1897, “M. De Laveleye’s Error” in Various Fragments, New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1898. (Scholar)
• 1876–96, The Principles of Sociology, 3 volumes, New York: D. Appleton and Co.
• 1901, Essays, Scientific, Political, and Speculative, 3 volumes, new edition, London: Williams and Norgate.
• 1904, An Autobiography, 2 volumes, London: Williams and Norgate.

Secondary Sources

• Bowler, Peter J., 2015, “Herbert Spencer and Lamarckism” in Francis and Taylor (eds) 2015: 203–221. (Scholar)
• Carneiro, Robert and Robert Perrin, 2002, “Herbert Spencer's Principles of Sociology: A Centennial Retrospective and Appraisal”, Annals of Science, 59: 221–61. (Scholar)
• Den Otter, Sandra M., 1996, British Idealism and Social Explanation, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Duncan, David, 1908, The Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer, London: Methuen and Co. (Scholar)
• Durkheim, E., 1893 [1911], De la Division du Travail Social, 3rd edition, Paris: F. Alcan, 1911; translated by George Simpson as The Division of Labor in Society, Glencoe: Free Press, 1933. (Scholar)
• Ebeling, Richard M., 2020, “Herbert Spencer on Equal Liberty and the Free Society”, American Institute for Economic Research, April 24. [Ebeling 2020 available online] (Scholar)
• Francis, Mark, 2007, Herbert Spencer and the Invention of Modern Life, Stocksfield: Acumen. (Scholar)
• –––, 2015, “Introduction”, to Francis and Taylor (eds) 2015: 1–15. (Scholar)
• Francis, Mark and Michael Taylor (eds), 2015, Herbert Spencer: Legacies, London: Routledge.
• Gibbard, Allan, 1982, “Inchoately Utilitarian Common Sense: The Bearing of a Thesis of Sidgwick’s on Moral Theory”, in Harlan B. Miller and William H. Williams (eds), The Limits of Utilitarianism, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. (Scholar)
• Gray, John, 1983, Mill on Liberty: A Defence, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. (Scholar)
• –––, 1989a, “Mill’s and Other Liberalisms”, in Gray (ed.) 1989b: 217–238. (Scholar)
• ––– (ed.), 1989b, Liberalisms: Essays in Political Philosophy, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
• Hoftstadter, Richard, 1955, Social Darwinism in American Thought, Boston: Beacon Press. (Scholar)
• Huxley, T. H., 1893 [1929], “Evolutionary Ethics” in T. H. Huxley, Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays, New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1929. (Scholar)
• Kennedy, James G., 1978, Herbert Spencer, Boston: Twayne Publishers. (Scholar)
• Mill, J. S., 1861 [1969], Utilitarianism, reprinted in John M. Robson (ed.), The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill (Volume 10), 33 volumes, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969. (Scholar)
• Moore, G. E., 1903, Principia Ethica, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. (Scholar)
• Mackenzie, J. S., 1893, A Manual of Ethics, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Muirhead, J. H., 1897, The Elements of Ethics, London: John Murray. (Scholar)
• Nozick, Robert, 1974, Anarchy, State, and Utopia, New York: Basic Books. (Scholar)
• Offer, John, 1994, “Introduction”, in Offer (ed.) 1994: vii–xxix. (Scholar)
• Offer, John (ed.), 1994, Herbert Spencer: Political Writings, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• –––, 2014, “Herbert Spencer”, in W.J. Mander (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of British Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 257–284. (Scholar)
• –––, 2010, Herbert Spencer and Social Theory, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. (Scholar)
• Paxton, Nancy, 1991, George Eliot and Herbert Spencer, Princeton: Princeton University Press. (Scholar)
• Peel, J. D. Y., 1971, Herbert Spencer: The Evolution of a Sociologist, London: Heinemann. (Scholar)
• Rashdall, Hastings, 1907, The Theory of Good and Evil, 2 volumes, Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Scholar)
• Riley, Jonathan, 1988, Liberal Utilitarianism: Social Choice Theory and J. S. Mill’s Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Ritchie, D. G., 1891, The Principles of State Interference, reprinted in Volume 1 of Peter P. Nicholson (ed.), Collected Works of D. G. Ritchie, 6 volumes, Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 1998. (Scholar)
• Ross, W. D., 1939, Foundations of Ethics, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Schneewind, Jerome, 1977, Sidgwick’s Ethics and Victorian Moral Philosophy, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Sidgwick, Henry, 1876, “The Theory of Evolution in its Application to Practice,” Mind, 1(1): 52–67. (Scholar)
• –––, 1880, “Mr. Spencer’s Ethical System”, Mind, 5(18): 216–226. (Scholar)
• –––, 1902, Lectures on the Ethics of T. H. Green, Mr. Herbert Spencer and J. Martineau, London: Macmillan. (Scholar)
• –––, 1907, The Methods of Ethics, 7^th edition, London: Macmillan; reprinted, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co., 1981. (Scholar)
• Sidgwick, A.S. and E. M. S. Sidgwick, 1906, Henry Sidgwick: A Memoir, London: Macmillan. (Scholar)
• Sinclair, A. G., 1907, Der Utilitarismus bei Sidgwick und Spencer, Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung. (Scholar)
• Skinner, Quentin, 2002, “A Third Concept of Liberty”, London Review of Books, 24(7): 16–18. (Scholar)
• Steiner, Hillel, 1981, “Liberty and Equality”, Political Studies, 29: 555–69. (Scholar)
• –––, 1983, “Land, Liberty and the Early Herbert Spencer”, History of Political Thought, 2: 515–33. (Scholar)
• Sumner, W. L., 1987, The Moral Foundations of Rights, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Taylor, Michael W., 1992, Men Versus the State: Herbert Spencer and Late Victorian Individualism, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2007, The Philosophy of Herbert Spencer, London: Continuum. (Scholar)
• Turner, Jonathan H., 1985, Herbert Spencer, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. (Scholar)
• Weinstein, D., 1998, Equal Freedom and Utility: Herbert Spencer’s Liberal Utilitarianism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2000, “Deductive Hedonism and the Anxiety of Influence”, Utilitas, 12(3): 329–346. (Scholar)
• –––, 2002, “Vindicating Utilitarianism”, Utilitas, 14(1): 71–95. (Scholar)
• Williams, Bernard, 1973, “A Critique of Utilitarianism”, in J. C. C. Smart and Bernard Williams (eds), Utilitarianism: For and Against, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Young, R. M., 1970, Mind, Brain and Adaptation in the Nineteenth Century, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)