Books, Book Chapters, and Articles

• Allhoff, Fritz, 2012, Terrorism, Ticking Time-Bombs, and Torture: A Philosophical Analysis, New York: Columbia University Press; see part I. (Scholar)
• Arendt, Hannah, 1958, The Origins of Totalitarianism, 2^nd edn., Cleveland: The World Publishing Co.; see chapters 12,13. (Scholar)
• Ashmore, Robert B., 1997, “State Terrorism and Its Sponsors”, in Tomis Kapitan (ed.), Philosophical Perspectives on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 105–133. (Scholar)
• Bauhn, Per, 1989, Ethical Aspects of Political Terrorism: The Sacrificing of the Innocent, Lund: Lund University Press. (Scholar)
• Bin Laden, Osama, 2005, “The Example of Vietnam”, Messages to the World: The Statements of Osama Bin Laden, Bruce Lawrence (ed.), James Howarth (trans.), London and New York: Verso, 139–144. (Scholar)
• Brandt, Richard B., 1992, Morality, Utilitarianism, and Rights, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Brooks, Thom, 2010, “Justifying Terrorism”, Public Affairs Quarterly, 24: 189–96. (Scholar)
• Carter, Michael Philip, 1989, “The French Revolution: ‘Jacobin Terror’”, in Rapoport and Alexander (eds.) 1989, 133–51. (Scholar)
• Card, Claudia, 2010, Confronting Evils: Terrorism, Torture, Genocide, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; see chapters 5, 6. (Scholar)
• Coady, C.A.J., 1985, “The Morality of Terrorism”, Philosophy, 60: 47–69. (Scholar)
• –––, 2001, “Terrorism”, in Lawrence C. Becker and Charlotte B. Becker (eds.), Encyclopedia of Ethics, 2^nd edn., New York and London: Routledge, vol. 3, 1696–99. (Scholar)
• –––, 2004, “Terrorism and Innocence”, Journal of Ethics, 8: 37–58. (Scholar)
• –––, 2021, The Meaning of Terrorism, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Corlett, J. Angelo, 2003, Terrorism: A Philosophical Analysis, Dordrecht: Kluwer. (Scholar)
• Dardis, Tony, 1992, “Primoratz on Terrorism”, Journal of Applied Philosophy, 9: 93–97. (Scholar)
• Donahue, Thomas J., 2013, “Terrorism, Moral Conceptions, and Moral Innocence”, The Philosophical Forum, 44: 413–35. (Scholar)
• Elshtain, Jean Bethke, 2003, Just War against Terror: The Burden of American Power in a Violent World, New York: Basic Books. (Scholar)
• Finlay, Christopher J., 2015, Terrorism and the Right to Resist: A Theory of Just Revolutionary War, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; see chapter 9. (Scholar)
• Fotion, Nicholas, 1981, “The Burdens of Terrorism”, in Burton M. Leiser (ed.), Values in Conflict, New York: Macmillan, 463–70. (Scholar)
• Frey, R.G. and Christopher W. Morris (eds.), 1991, Violence, Terrorism, and Justice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Fullinwider, Robert K., 1988, “Understanding Terrorism”, in Steven Luper-Foy (ed.), Problems of International Justice, Boulder: Westview Press, 249–59. (Scholar)
• George, David A., 2000, “The Ethics of IRA Terrorism”, in Andrew Valls (ed.), Ethics in International Affairs: Theories and Cases, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 81–97. (Scholar)
• Gewirth, Alan, 1981, “Are There Any Absolute Rights?”, The Philosophical Quarterly, 31: 1–16. (Scholar)
• Gilbert, Paul, 1994, Terrorism, Security and Nationality: An Introductory Study in Applied Political Philosophy, London and New York: Routledge. (Scholar)
• Goodin, Robert E., 2006, What’s Wrong with Terrorism? Oxford: Polity. (Scholar)
• Goppel, Anna, 2013, Killing Terrorists: A Moral and Legal Analysis, Berlin: de Gruyter. (Scholar)
• Gordon, Neve, and George A. Lopez, 2000, “Terrorism in the Arab-Israeli Conflict”, in Andrew Valls (ed.), Ethics in International Affairs: Theories and Cases, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 99–113. (Scholar)
• Govier, Trudy, 2002, A Delicate Balance: What Philosophy Can Tell Us about Terrorism, Cambridge, Mass.: Westview Press. (Scholar)
• Grayling, A.C., 2006, Among the Dead Cities: Was the Allied Bombing of Civilians in WWII a Necessity or a Crime?, London: Bloomsbury. (Scholar)
• Held, Virginia, 2008, How Terrorism Is Wrong: Morality and Political Violence. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Henry, Emile, 1977, “A Terrorist’s Defence”, in George Woodcock (ed.), The Anarchist Reader, Hassocks: Harvester Press, 189–96. (Scholar)
• Honderich, Ted, 2003, After the Terror, 2^nd edn., Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2006, Humanity, Terrorism, Terrorist War, London and New York: Continuum. (Scholar)
• Hooker, Brad, 2000, Ideal Code, Real World: A Rule-consequentialist Theory of Morality, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Hughes, Martin, 1982, “Terrorism and National Security”, Philosophy, 57: 5–25. (Scholar)
• Jaggar, Alison M., 2005, “What Is Terrorism, Why Is It Wrong, and Could It Ever Be Morally Permissible?”, Journal of Social Philosophy, 36: 202–17. (Scholar)
• Jollimore, Troy, 2007, “Terrorism, War, and the Killing of the Innocent”, Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 10: 353–72. (Scholar)
• Kamm, F.M., 2013, Ethics for Enemies: Terror, Torture and War, Oxford: Oxford University Press; see chapter 2. (Scholar)
• Kapitan, Tomis, 2008, “Terrorism”, in Raja Halwani and Tomis Kapitan, The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Philosophical Essays on Self-Determination, Terrorism and the One-State Solution, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 132–97. (Scholar)
• Kaplan, Shawn, 2008, “A Typology of Terrorism”, Review Journal of Political Philosophy, 6: 1–38. (Scholar)
• –––, 2011, “Unraveling Emergency Justifications and Excuses for Terrorism”, Journal of Social Philosophy, 42: 219–38. (Scholar)
• Kautsky, Karl, 1973 [1919], Terrorism and Communism: A Contribution to the Natural History of Revolution, trans. W.H. Kerridge, Westport, Conn.: Hyperion Press. (Scholar)
• Khatchadourian, Haig, 1998, The Morality of Terrorism, New York: Peter Lang. (Scholar)
• Lackey, Douglas, 2004, “The Evolution of the Modern Terrorist State: Area Bombing and Nuclear Deterrence”, in Primoratz (ed.) 2004, 128–38. (Scholar)
• Laqueur, Walter (ed.), 1987, The Terrorism Reader: A Historical Anthology, 2^nd edn., New York: New American Library. (Scholar)
• Law, Stephen (ed.), 2008, Israel, Palestine and Terror, London: Continuum. (Scholar)
• Luban, David, 2003, “The War on Terrorism and the End of Human Rights”, in Verna V. Gehring (ed.), War after September 11, Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 51–65. (Scholar)
• McMahan, Jeff, 2006, “Intention, Permissibility, Terrorism, and War”, Philosophical Perspectives, 23: 345–72. (Scholar)
• –––, 2009, “War, Terrorism, and the War on Terror”, in Chris Miller (ed.), War on Terror: The Oxford Amnesty Lectures 2006, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 159–84. (Scholar)
• McPherson, Lionel K., 2007, “Is Terrorism Distinctively Wrong?” Ethics 111: 524–46. (Scholar)
• Medina, Vicente, 2015, Terrorism Unjustified: The Use and Misuse of Political Violence, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. (Scholar)
• Meggle, Georg, 2005, “Terror and Counter-Terror: Initial Ethical Reflections”, in Meggle (ed.) 2005, 161–75. (Scholar)
• Meggle, Georg (ed.), 2005, Ethics of Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism, Frankfurt/M.: Ontos Verlag. (Scholar)
• Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 1969, Humanism and Terror: An Essay on the Communist Problem, trans. John O’Neill, Boston: Beacon Press. (Scholar)
• Miller, Richard W., 2005, “Terrorism and Legitimacy: A Response to Virginia Held”, Journal of Social Philosophy, 36: 194–201. (Scholar)
• Miller, Seumas, 2009, Terrorism and Counterterrorism: Ethics and Liberal Democracy, Oxford: Blackwell. (Scholar)
• Mills, Claudia, 1995, “The Distinctive Wrong of Terrorism”, International Journal of Applied Philosophy, 10: 57–60. (Scholar)
• Nath, Rekha, 2011, “Two Wrongs Don’t Make a Right: A Critique of Virginia Held’s Deontological Justification of Terrorism”, Social Theory and Practice 37: 679–96. (Scholar)
• Nathanson, Stephen, 2010, Terrorism and the Ethics of War, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Nielsen, Kai, 1981, “Violence and Terrorism: Its Uses and Abuses”, in Burton M. Leiser (ed.), Values in Conflict, New York: Macmillan, 435–49. (Scholar)
• Primoratz, Igor, 1997, “The Morality of Terrorism”, Journal of Applied Philosophy, 14: 221–33. (Scholar)
• –––, 2006, “Terrorism in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A Case Study in Applied Ethics”, Iyyun: The Jerusalem Philosophical Quarterly 55: 27–48. (Scholar)
• –––, 2010, “Can the Bombing Be Morally Justified?” in Igor Primoratz (ed.), Terror from the Sky: The Bombing of German Cities in World War II, New York: Berghahn Books, 113–33. (Scholar)
• –––, 2013, Terrorism: A Philosophical Investigation, Cambridge: Polity Press. (Scholar)
• ––– (ed.), 2004, Terrorism: The Philosophical Issues, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. (Scholar)
• Rapoport, David C., and Yonah Alexander (eds.), 1989, The Morality of Terrorism: Religious and Secular Justifications, 2^nd edn., New York: Columbia University Press. (Scholar)
• Reiff, Mark K., 2008, “Terrorism, Retribution, and Collective Responsibility”, Social Theory and Practice 34: 209–42. (Scholar)
• Reitan, Eric, 2010, “Defining Terrorism for Public Policy Purposes: The Group–Target Definition”, Journal of Moral Philosophy 7: 253–78. (Scholar)
• Rigstad, Mark, 2008, “The Senses of Terrorism”, Review Journal of Political Philosophy, 6: 75–102. (Scholar)
• Scheffler, Samuel, 2006, “Is Terrorism Morally Distinctive?” Journal of Political Philosophy, 14: 1–17. (Scholar)
• Schwenkenbecher, Anne, 2012, Terrorism: A Philosophical Enquiry, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. (Scholar)
• Shanahan, Timothy (ed.), 2005, Philosophy 9/11: Thinking about the War on Terrorism, Chicago: Open Court. (Scholar)
• –––, 2009, The Provisional Irish Republican Army and the Morality of Terrorism, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. (Scholar)
• Simpson, Peter, 2004, “Violence and Terrorism in Northern Ireland”, in Primoratz (ed.) 2004, 161–74. (Scholar)
• Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter, 1991, “On Primoratz’s Definition of Terrorism”, Journal of Applied Philosophy, 8: 115–20. (Scholar)
• Smith, Matthew Noah, 2007, “Terrorism, Shared Rules and Trust”, Journal of Political Philosophy, 16: 201–19. (Scholar)
• Statman, Daniel, 2006, “Supreme Emergencies Revisited”, Ethics, 117: 58–79. (Scholar)
• Steinhoff, Uwe, 2007, On the Ethics of War and Terrorism, Oxford: Oxford University Press; see chapter 5. (Scholar)
• Sterba, James P. (ed.), 2003, Terrorism and International Justice, New York: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Taylor, Isaac, 2018, The Ethics of Counterterrorism, London: Routledge. (Scholar)
• Trotsky, Leon, 1961 [1920], Terrorism and Communism: A Reply to Karl Kautsky, Ann Arbor, Mich.: The University of Michigan Press. (Scholar)
• Uniacke, Suzanne, 2014, “Opportunistic Terrorism”, Journal of Moral Philosophy 11: 395–410. (Scholar)
• Valls, Andrew, 2000, “Can Terrorism Be Justified?”, in Andrew Valls (ed.), Ethics in International Affairs: Theories and Cases, Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 65–79. (Scholar)
• Waldron, Jeremy, 2010, Torture, Terror, and Trade–Offs: Philosophy for the White House, Oxford: Oxford University Press; see chapters 3, 4. (Scholar)
• Wallace, Gerry, 1989, “Area Bombing, Terrorism and the Death of Innocents”, Journal of Applied Philosophy, 6: 3–16. (Scholar)
• –––, 1991, “Terrorism and the Argument from Analogy”, International Journal of Moral and Social Studies, 6: 149–60. (Scholar)
• Walzer, Michael, 1973, “Political Action: The Problem of Dirty Hands”, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 2: 160–80. (Scholar)
• –––, 2000, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations, 3^rd edn., New York: Basic Books; see chapters 12, 16. (Scholar)
• –––, 2004, Arguing about War, Ithaca, N.Y.: Yale University Press; see chapters 4, 10. (Scholar)
• –––, 2006, “Terrorism and Just War”, Philosophia, 34: 3–12. (Scholar)
• Wellman, Carl, 1979, “On Terrorism Itself”, Journal of Value Inquiry, 13: 250–58. (Scholar)
• Wellmer, Albrecht, 1984, “Terrorism and the Critique of Society”, in Jürgen Habermas (ed.), Observations on “The Spiritual Situation of the Age”, trans. Andrew Buchwalter, Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 283–307. (Scholar)
• Wilkins, Burleigh Taylor, 1992, Terrorism and Collective Responsibility, London and New York: Routledge. (Scholar)
• Young, Robert, 1977, “Revolutionary Terrorism, Crime and Morality”, Social Theory and Practice, 4: 287–302. (Scholar)
• –––, 2004, “Political Terrorism as a Weapon of the Politically Powerless”, in Primoratz (ed.), 2004, 55–64. (Scholar)

Special journal issues

• Ethics, 114/4, 2004: Terrorism, War, and Justice. (Scholar)
• Iyyun: The Jerusalem Philosophical Quarterly, 55/1, 2006: Terrorism and Counterterrorism. (Scholar)
• The Journal of Ethics, 8/1, 2004: Terrorism. (Scholar)