The number of papers, anthologies, and monographs has been growing immensely since the beginning of the 1990s. It might be useful to highlight that in existing literature (Kühne 2006) remains the most substantial historical study on the philosophical exploration of thought experiments. And (Sorensen 1992) remains the most comprehensive philosophical study of thought experiments. More than other monographs both of these studies well exceed the author’s own systematic contribution to what is considered the primary epistemological challenge presented by thought experiments. Also, this bibliography does not include the many (we count about eight) popular books on thought experiments (like Wittgenstein’s Beetle and Other Classical Thought Experiments by Martin Cohen); nor do we list fiction that is related to the subject (like “The End of Mr. Y” by Scarlett Thomas). Further, for undergraduate teaching purposes one might want to consider Doing Philosophy: An Introduction Through Thought Experiments (edited by Theodore Schick, Jr. and Lewis Vaughn, fifth edition, 2012, Boston: McGraw Hill Higher Education). Moreover, a number of philosophical journals have dedicated part or all of an issue to the topic of thought experiments, including the Croatian Journal of Philosophy (19/VII, 2007), Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie (1/59, 2011), Informal Logic (3/17, 1995), Philosophica (1/72, 2003), Perspectives on Science (2/22, 2014), Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte (1/38, 2015)), as well as TOPOI (forthcoming) and HOPOS (forthcoming). Furthermore, a companion to thought experiments exists now: The Routledge Companion to Thought Experiments was published in 2017. It includes a substantial state of the art report (pp. 1–28), and exclusively original chapters on most of the topics that have been receiving much attention in the discussion of thought experiments. The bibliography below will not list each of the chapters of that companion, unless a chapter was cited in our entry. Also, it is important to note that the bibliography lists only publications that address thought experiments as such. Not included are the many specialized papers that discuss a particular thought experiment in its systematic contribution to the discussion of a particular issue (such as Putnam’s twin earth scenario to support semantic externalism). Again, exceptions are made when such work is cited.

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• Arthur, Richard, 1999, “On Thought Experiments as A Priori Science”, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 13: 215–229. (Scholar)
• Bailey, Cyril, 1950, Lucretius on the Nature of Things, (translation of De Rerum Naturae), ninth reprint, Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Scholar)
• Batens, Diderik, 2008, “On Possibilities and Thought Experiments”, in R. Almeder (ed.), Rescher Studies, Heusenstamm: Ontos Verlag, 29–57. (Scholar)
• Bealer, George, 1998, “Intuition and the Autonomy of Philosophy”, in M. DePaul and W. Ramsey (eds.), Rethinking Intuition: The Psychology of Intuition & Its Role in Philosophical Inquiry, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 201–239. (Scholar)
• –––, 2002, “Modal Epistemology and the Rationalist Renaissance”, in T. S. Gendler and J. Hawthorne (eds.), Conceivability and Possibility, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 71–125. (Scholar)
• Beck, Simon, 1992, “Should we Tolerate People who Split?”, Southern Journal of Philosophy, 30: 1–17. (Scholar)
• –––, 2006, “These Bizarre Fictions: Thought Experiments, Our Psychology and Our Selves”, Philosophical Papers, 35: 29–54. (Scholar)
• Becker, Alexander, 2018, “Thought Experiments in Plato”, in M. T. Stuart et al. (eds.), The Routledge Companion to Thought Experiments, London and New York: Routledge, 44–56. (Scholar)
• Behmel, Albrecht, 2001, Was sind Gedankenexperimente? Kontrafaktische Annahmen in der Philosophie des Geistes – der Turingtest und das Chinesische Zimmer, Stuttgart: Ibidem. (Scholar)
• Beisbart, Claus, 2012, “How can Computer Simulations Produce New Knowledge?”, European Journal for Philosophy of Science, 2: 395–434. (Scholar)
• Belkin, Aron, and Tetlock, Philip E. (eds.), 1996, World Politics: Logical, Methodological, and Psychological Perspectives, Princeton: Princeton University Press. (Scholar)
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• –––, 1999, “Why Thought Experiments are Not Arguments”, Philosophy of Science, 66: 534–541. (Scholar)
• Bokulich, Alisa, 2001, “Rethinking Thought Experiments”, Perspectives on Science, 9: 285–307. (Scholar)
• Boniolo, Giovanni, 1997, “On a Unified Theory of Models and Thought Experiments in Natural sciences”, International Studies in Philosophy of Science, 11: 121–142. (Scholar)
• Borsboom, Denny, et al., 2002, “Functional Thought Experiments”, Synthese, 130: 379–387. (Scholar)
• Borstner, Bojan, and Gartner Smiljana (eds.), 2017, Thought Experiments between Nature and Society, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. (Scholar)
• Brendel, Elke, 1999, “Gedankenexperimente als Motor der Wissenschaftsdynamik”, in J. Mittelstraß (ed.), Die Zukunft des Wissens. XVIII. Deutscher Kongress für Philosophie, Konstanz: UVK, 785–792. (Scholar)
• –––, 2004, “Intuition Pumps and the Proper Use of Thought Experiments”, Dialectica, 58: 88–108. (Scholar)
• –––, 2018, “The Argument View: Are Thought Experiments Mere Picturesque Arguments?”, in M. T. Stuart et al. (eds.), The Routledge Companion to Thought Experiments, London and New York: Routledge, 281–293. (Scholar)
• Brooks, David H. M., 1994, “The Method of Thought Experiment”, Metaphilosophy, 25: 71–83. (Scholar)
• Brown, James Robert, 1986, “Thought Experiments since the Scientific Revolution”, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 1: 1–15. (Scholar)
• –––, 1991 [2011], Laboratory of the Mind: Thought Experiments in the Natural Sciences, London: Routledge, Second Edition. (Scholar)
• –––, 1999 [2008], Philosophy of Mathematics: A Contemporary Introduction to the World of Proofs and Pictures, London and New York: Routledge, second edition. (Scholar)
• –––, 2004, “Why Thought Experiments Do Transcend Empiricism”, in C. Hitchcock (ed.), Contemporary Debates in the Philosophy of Science, Malden, MA: Blackwell, 23–43. (Scholar)
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• Bunzl, Martin, 1996, “The Logic of Thought Experiments”, Synthese, 106: 227–240. (Scholar)
• Buschlinger, Wolfgang, 1993, Denkkapriolen. Gedankenexperimente in Naturwissenschaften, Ethik und Philosophy of Mind, Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann. (Scholar)
• Butkovic, Ana, 2007, “What is the Function of Thought Experiments: Kuhn vs. Brown”, Croatian Journal of Philosophy, VII: 63–67. (Scholar)
• Buzzoni, Marco, 2004, Esperimento Ed Esperimento Mentale, Milano: FrankoAngeli. (Scholar)
• –––, 2007, “Zum Verhältnis zwischen Experiment und Gedankenexperiment in den Naturwissenschaften”, Journal for General Philosophy of Science, 38: 219–237. (Scholar)
• –––, 2008, Thought Experiment in the Natural Sciences, Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann. (Scholar)
• –––, 2011, “Kant und das Gedankenexperimentieren”, Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie, 59: 93–107. (Scholar)
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• –––, 2018, “Pierre Duhem and Ernst Mach on Thought Experiments”, HOPOS: The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science, 8: 1–27. (Scholar)
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• Cargile, James, 1987, “Definitions and Counterexamples”, Philosophy, 62: 179–193. (Scholar)
• Chandrasekharan, Sanjay et al, 2013, “Computational Modeling: Is This the End of Thought Experiments in Science?”, in M. Frappier et al. (eds.), Thought Experiments in Philosophy, Science, and the Arts, London: Routledge, 239–260. (Scholar)
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• Cole, David, 1984, “Thought and Thought Experiment”, Philosophical Studies, 45: 431–444. (Scholar)
• Cooper, Rachel, 2005, “Thought Experiments”, Metaphilosophy, 36: 328–347. (Scholar)
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• Cowley, Robert (ed.), 1999, What-If? The World’s Most Foremost Military Historians Imagine What Might Have Been, New York: Putnam. (Scholar)
• ––– (ed.), 2001, More What-If?: Eminent Historians Imagine What Might Have Been, New York: Putnam. (Scholar)
• Crick, Nathan, 2004, “Conquering our Imagination: Thought Experiments and Enthymemes in Scientific Argument”, Philosophy and Rhetoric, 37: 21–41. (Scholar)
• Daiber, Jürgen, 2001, Experimentalphysik des Geistes: Novalis und das romantische Experiment, Göttingen: Vadenhoeck & Ruprecht. (Scholar)
• Dancy, Jonathan, 1985, “The Role of Imaginary Cases in Ethics”, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 66: 141–153. (Scholar)
• Davenport, Edward A., 1983, “Literature as Thought Experiment (On Aiding and Abetting the Muse)”, Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 13: 279–306. (Scholar)
• Davies, David, 2007, “Thought Experiments and Fictional Narratives”, Croatian Journal of Philosophy, VII: 29–45. (Scholar)
• De Baere, Benoit, 2003, “Thought Experiments, Rhetoric, and Possible Worlds”, Philosophica, 72: 105–130. (Scholar)
• De Mey, Tim, 2003, “The Dual Nature View of Thought Experiments”, Philosophica, 72: 61–78. (Scholar)
• –––, 2005a, “Remodeling the Past”, Foundations of Science, 10: 47–66. (Scholar)
• –––, 2005b, “Tales of the Unexpected: Incongruity-Resolution in Humour Comprehension, Scientific Discovery and Thought Experimentation”, Logic and Logical Philosophy, 14: 69–88. (Scholar)
• –––, 2006, “Imagination’s Grip on Science”, Metaphilosophy, 37: 222–239. (Scholar)
• Dennett, Daniel C., 1984, Elbow Room: The Varieties of Free Will Worth Wanting, Cambridge: MIT Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1991, Consciousness Explained, New York: Little Brown. (Scholar)
• –––, 1995, “Intuition Pumps”, in J. Brockman (ed.), The Third Culture, New York et al.: Simon & Schuster, 181–197. (Scholar)
• –––, 2005, Sweet Dreams, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (Scholar)
• DePaul, Michael, and William Ramsey (eds.), 2002, Rethinking Intuition: The Psychology of Intuition & Its Role in Philosophical Inquiry, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. (Scholar)
• Diamond, Cora, 2002, “What if X Isn’t the Number of Sheep? Wittgenstein and Thought-Experiments in Ethics”, Philosophical Papers, 31: 227–250. (Scholar)
• Di Paolo, E. A. et al., 2000, “Simulation Models as Opaque Thought Experiments”, in M. A. McCaskill et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Artificial Life, Cambridge: MIT Press, 497–506. (Scholar)
• Ducheyne, Steffen, 2006, “The Argument(s) for Universal Gravitation”, Foundations of Science, 11: 419–447. (Scholar)
• Duhem, Pierre, 1913, La théorie physique son objet et sa structure, 2^nd edition, Paris: Chevalier & Rivière, used here in reprint of 1981, Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin (translated by P. Weiner, 1960, Aim and Structure of Physical Theory, Princeton: Princeton University Press). (Scholar)
• El Skaf, Rawad, and Cyrille Imbert, 2013, “Unfolding in the Empirical Sciences: Experiments, Thought Experiments and Computer Simulations”, Synthese, 190: 3451–3474. (Scholar)
• Elgin, Catherine Z., 1993, “Understanding: Art and Science”, Synthese, 95: 13–28. (Scholar)
• –––, 1993b, “True Enough”, in Ernest Sosa and Enrique Villanueva (eds.), Epistemology: Philosophical Issues: Volume 14, Boston, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 113–131. (Scholar)
• –––, 2007, “The Laboratory of the Mind”, in J. Gibson (ed.), A Sense of the World: Essays on Fiction, Narrative and Knowledge, Oxon: Routledge-Taylor Francis, 43–54. (Scholar)
• –––, 2014, “Fiction as Thought Experiment”, Perspectives on Science, 22: 221–241. (Scholar)
• Fehige, Yiftach J. H., 2011, “Gedankenexperimente in der Offenbarungstheologie? Eine erste Annäherung”, Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie, 59: 109–129. (Scholar)
• –––, 2012, “Experiments of Pure Reason. Kantianism and Thought Experiments in Science”, Epistemologia: Italian Journal for Philosophy of Science, 35: 141–160. (Scholar)
• –––, 2013a, “Poems of Productive Imagination: Thought Experiments, Theology, and Science in Novalis”, Neue Zeitschrift für Systematische Theologie und Religionsphilosophie, 55: 54–83. (Scholar)
• –––, 2013b, “The Relativized A Priori and the Laboratory of the Mind: Towards a Neo-Kantian Account of Thought Experiments in Science”, Epistemologia: Italian Journal for Philosophy of Science, 36: 55–63. (Scholar)
• –––, 2018, “Thought Experiments and Theology”, in M. T. Stuart et al. (eds.), The Routledge Companion to Thought Experiments, London and New York: Routledge, 183–194. (Scholar)
• –––, and Harald Wiltsche, 2013, “The Body, Thought Experiments, and Phenomenology”, in M. Frappier et al. (eds.), Thought Experiments in Philosophy, Science, and the Arts, London: Routledge, 69–89. (Scholar)
• –––, and Michael T. Stuart, 2014, “Origins of the Philosophy of Thought Experiments: The Forerun”, Perspectives on Science, 22: 179–220. (Scholar)
• Fisch, Menachem, 2017, Creatively Undecided: Toward a History and Philosophy of Scientific Agency, Chicago: Chicago University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2019, “Gulliver and the Rabbis: Counterfactual Truth in Science and the Talmud”, Religions: An Open Access Journal of Theology, https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10030228. (Scholar)
• Focquaert, Farah, 2003, “Personal Identity and its Boundaries: Philosophical Thought Experiments”, Philosophica, 72: 131–152. (Scholar)
• Fodor, Jerry, 1964, “On Knowing What We Would Say”, Philosophical Review, 73: 198–212. (Scholar)
• Frappier, Melanie, and Letitia Meynell, and James Robert Brown (eds.), 2013, Thought Experiments in Philosophy, Science, and the Arts, London: Routledge. (Scholar)
• Fuhrer, Therese, 2007, “Der Geist im Vollkommenen Körper: Ein Gedankenexperiment in Augustins De civitate 22”, in D. Frede and B. Reis (eds.), Body and Soul in Ancient Philosophy, Berlin: de Gruyter, 465–491. (Scholar)
• Gähde, Ulrich, 2000, “Gedankenexperimente in Erkenntnistheorie und Physik: Strukturelle Parallelen”, in J. Nida-Rümlin, Rationalität, Realismus, Revision, Berlin: de Gruyter, 457–464. (Scholar)
• Gendler, Tamar S., 1998, “Galileo and the Indispensability of Scientific Thought Experiment”,The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 49:397–424. (Scholar)
• –––, 2000, Thought Experiment: On the Powers and Limits of Imaginary Cases, New York: Garland Press (now Routledge). (Scholar)
• –––, 2002a, “Personal Identity and Thought-Experiments”, Philosophical Quarterly, 52: 34–54. (Scholar)
• –––, 2002b, “Thought Experiment”, Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science, New York; London: Nature/Routledge. (Scholar)
• –––, 2004, “Thought Experiments Rethought— and Reperceived”, Philosophy of Science, 71: 1152–1164. (Scholar)
• –––, 2005, “Thought Experiments in Science”, Encyclopedia of Philosophy, New York: MacMillan. (Scholar)
• –––, 2007, “Philosophical Thought Experiments, Intuitions, and Cognitive Equilibrium”, Midwest Studies in Philosophy of Science, 31: 68–89. (Scholar)
• Gendler, Tamar S., and John Hawthorne (eds.), 2002, Conceivability and Possibility. New York/Oxford: Clarendon/Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Genz, Henning, 1999, Gedankenexperimente, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. (Scholar)
• Georgiou, Andreas, 2007, “An Embodied Cognition View of Imagery-Based Reasoning in Science: Lessons from Thought Experiments”, Croatian Journal of Philosophy, VII: 29–45. (Scholar)
• Glas, Eduard, 1999, “Thought Experimentation and Mathematical Innovation”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 30: 1–19. (Scholar)
• Gomila, Antoni, 1991, “What is a Thought Experiment?”, Metaphilosophy, 22: 84–92. (Scholar)
• Gooding, David C., 1992, “The Cognitive Turn, or, Why Do Thought Experiments Work?”, in R. N. Giere (ed.), Cognitive Models of Science, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 45–76. (Scholar)
• –––, 1993, “What is Experimental About Thought Experiments?”, Proceedings of the Philosophy of Science Association, 2: 280–290. (Scholar)
• –––, 1994, “Imaginary Science”, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 45: 1029–1045. (Scholar)
• –––, 1999, “Thought Experiments”, in E. Craig (ed.), Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Volume 9, London: Routledge, 392–397. (Scholar)
• Grant, Edward, 2007, “Thought Experiments and the Role of the Imagination”, in A History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to Nineteenth Century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 200–211. (Scholar)
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• –––, 1998, “The Role of Variation in Thought Experiments”, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 12: 239–243. (Scholar)
• –––, 2013, “Thought Experiments, Puzzles, and Paradoxes”, Philosophy Study, 3: 750–758. (Scholar)
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• –––, 2018, “Thought Experiments and Experimental Philosophy”, in M. T. Stuart et al. (eds.), The Routledge Companion to Thought Experiments, London and New York: Routledge, 385–405. (Scholar)
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• –––, 1897, “Über Gedankenexperimente”, in: Zeitschrift für den physikalischen und chemischen Unterricht, 10: 1–5. (Scholar)
• –––, 1905, “Über Gedankenexperimente”, in Erkenntnis und Irrtum, Leipzig: Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth, 181–197, (translated by J. McCormack, in Knowledge and Error, Dordrecht: Reidel, 134–147). (Scholar)
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