The number of papers, anthologies, and monographs has been growing immensely since the beginning of the 1990s. It might be useful to highlight that in existing literature, Kühne (2006) remains the most substantial historical study on the philosophical exploration of thought experiments. And Sorensen (1992) remains the most comprehensive philosophical study of thought experiments. More than other monographs both of these studies well exceed the author’s own systematic contribution to what is widely considered the primary epistemological challenge presented by thought experiments. Also, this bibliography does not include the many (we count about eight) popular books on thought experiments (like Wittgenstein’s Beetle and Other Classical Thought Experiments by Martin Cohen); nor do we list fiction that is related to the subject (like The End of Mr. Y by Scarlett Thomas, or God’s Debris by Scott Adams). Further, for undergraduate teaching purposes one might want to consider Doing Philosophy: An Introduction Through Thought Experiments (edited by Theodore Schick, Jr. and Lewis Vaughn, fifth edition, 2012, Boston: McGraw Hill Higher Education), and chapter 5 of Timothy Williamson’s short introduction to philosophical method (Oxford University Press, 2020). Moreover, a number of philosophical journals have dedicated part or all of an issue to the topic of thought experiments, including the Croatian Journal of Philosophy (19/VII, 2007), Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie (1/59, 2011), Informal Logic (3/17, 1995), Philosophica (1/72, 2003), Perspectives on Science (2/22, 2014), Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte (1/38, 2015)), as well as TOPOI (4/38, 2019), HOPOS (1/11, 2021), and Epistemologia (12/2022). Furthermore, a companion to thought experiments exists now: The Routledge Companion to Thought Experiments was published in 2017. Each includes substantial state of the art reports. The bibliography that follows aims to list only publications that address thought experiments as such. Not included are the many specialized papers that discuss a particular thought experiment in its systematic contribution to the discussion of a particular issue (such as Putnam’s twin earth scenario to support semantic externalism). An exception is made, of course, when such work is cited. Unlike in previous versions of this entry, we no longer aim for comprehensiveness in the bibliography that follows.

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• –––, 2006, “These Bizarre Fictions: Thought Experiments, Our Psychology and Our Selves”, Philosophical Papers, 35: 29–54. (Scholar)
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• Behmel, Albrecht, 2001, Was sind Gedankenexperimente? Kontrafaktische Annahmen in der Philosophie des Geistes – der Turingtest und das Chinesische Zimmer, Stuttgart: Ibidem. (Scholar)
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• –––, 2004, “Intuition Pumps and the Proper Use of Thought Experiments”, Dialectica, 58: 88–108. (Scholar)
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• Brooks, David H. M., 1994, “The Method of Thought Experiment”, Metaphilosophy, 25: 71–83. (Scholar)
• Brown, James Robert, 1986, “Thought Experiments since the Scientific Revolution”, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 1: 1–15. (Scholar)
• –––, 1991 [2011], Laboratory of the Mind: Thought Experiments in the Natural Sciences, London: Routledge, Second Edition. (Scholar)
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• Bunzl, Martin, 1996, “The Logic of Thought Experiments”, Synthese, 106: 227–240. (Scholar)
• Buschlinger, Wolfgang, 1993, Denkkapriolen. Gedankenexperimente in Naturwissenschaften, Ethik und Philosophy of Mind, Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann. (Scholar)
• Butkovic, Ana, 2007, “What is the Function of Thought Experiments: Kuhn vs. Brown”, Croatian Journal of Philosophy, VII: 63–67. (Scholar)
• Buzzoni, Marco, 2004, Esperimento Ed Esperimento Mentale, Milano: FrankoAngeli. (Scholar)
• –––, 2007, “Zum Verhältnis zwischen Experiment und Gedankenexperiment in den Naturwissenschaften”, Journal for General Philosophy of Science, 38: 219–237. (Scholar)
• –––, 2008, Thought Experiment in the Natural Sciences, Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann. (Scholar)
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• –––, 2015, “Causality, Teleology, and Thought Experiments in Biology”, Journal for General Philosophy of Science, 46: 279–299. (Scholar)
• –––, 2018, “Pierre Duhem and Ernst Mach on Thought Experiments”, HOPOS: The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science, 8: 1–27. (Scholar)
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• Cohnitz, Daniel, 2006, Gedankenexperimente in der Philosophie, Paderborn: mentis. (Scholar)
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• ––– (ed.), 2001, More What-If?: Eminent Historians Imagine What Might Have Been, New York: Putnam. (Scholar)
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• Daiber, Jürgen, 2001, Experimentalphysik des Geistes: Novalis und das romantische Experiment, Göttingen: Vadenhoeck & Ruprecht. (Scholar)
• Dancy, Jonathan, 1985, “The Role of Imaginary Cases in Ethics”, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 66: 141–153. (Scholar)
• Davenport, Edward A., 1983, “Literature as Thought Experiment (On Aiding and Abetting the Muse)”, Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 13: 279–306. (Scholar)
• Davies, David, 2007, “Thought Experiments and Fictional Narratives”, Croatian Journal of Philosophy, VII: 29–45. (Scholar)
• De Baere, Benoit, 2003, “Thought Experiments, Rhetoric, and Possible Worlds”, Philosophica, 72: 105–130. (Scholar)
• De Mey, Tim, 2003, “The Dual Nature View of Thought Experiments”, Philosophica, 72: 61–78. (Scholar)
• –––, 2005a, “Remodeling the Past”, Foundations of Science, 10: 47–66. (Scholar)
• –––, 2005b, “Tales of the Unexpected: Incongruity-Resolution in Humour Comprehension, Scientific Discovery and Thought Experimentation”, Logic and Logical Philosophy, 14: 69–88. (Scholar)
• –––, 2006, “Imagination’s Grip on Science”, Metaphilosophy, 37: 222–239. (Scholar)
• Dennett, Daniel C., 1984, Elbow Room: The Varieties of Free Will Worth Wanting, Cambridge: MIT Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1991, Consciousness Explained, New York: Little Brown. (Scholar)
• –––, 1995, “Intuition Pumps”, in J. Brockman (ed.), The Third Culture, New York et al.: Simon & Schuster, 181–197. (Scholar)
• –––, 2005, Sweet Dreams, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (Scholar)
• DePaul, Michael, and William Ramsey (eds.), 2002, Rethinking Intuition: The Psychology of Intuition & Its Role in Philosophical Inquiry, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. (Scholar)
• Diamond, Cora, 2002, “What if X Isn’t the Number of Sheep? Wittgenstein and Thought-Experiments in Ethics”, Philosophical Papers, 31: 227–250. (Scholar)
• Di Paolo, E. A. et al., 2000, “Simulation Models as Opaque Thought Experiments”, in M. A. McCaskill et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Artificial Life, Cambridge: MIT Press, 497–506. (Scholar)
• Ducheyne, Steffen, 2006, “The Argument(s) for Universal Gravitation”, Foundations of Science, 11: 419–447. (Scholar)
• Duhem, Pierre, 1913, La théorie physique son objet et sa structure, 2^nd edition, Paris: Chevalier & Rivière, used here in reprint of 1981, Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin (translated by P. Weiner, 1960, Aim and Structure of Physical Theory, Princeton: Princeton University Press). (Scholar)
• El Skaf, Rawad, and Cyrille Imbert, 2013, “Unfolding in the Empirical Sciences: Experiments, Thought Experiments and Computer Simulations”, Synthese, 190: 3451–3474. (Scholar)
• Elgin, Catherine Z., 1993, “Understanding: Art and Science”, Synthese, 95: 13–28. (Scholar)
• –––, 1993b, “True Enough”, in Ernest Sosa and Enrique Villanueva (eds.), Epistemology: Philosophical Issues: Volume 14, Boston, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 113–131. (Scholar)
• –––, 2007, “The Laboratory of the Mind”, in J. Gibson (ed.), A Sense of the World: Essays on Fiction, Narrative and Knowledge, Oxon: Routledge-Taylor Francis, 43–54. (Scholar)
• –––, 2014, “Fiction as Thought Experiment”, Perspectives on Science, 22: 221–241. (Scholar)
• Fehige, Yiftach J. H., 2012, “Experiments of Pure Reason. Kantianism and Thought Experiments in Science”, Epistemologia: Italian Journal for Philosophy of Science, 35: 141–160. (Scholar)
• –––, 2013, “The Relativized A Priori and the Laboratory of the Mind: Towards a Neo-Kantian Account of Thought Experiments in Science”, Epistemologia: Italian Journal for Philosophy of Science, 36: 55–63. (Scholar)
• –––, 2018, “Thought Experiments and Theology”, in M. T. Stuart et al. (eds.), The Routledge Companion to Thought Experiments, London and New York: Routledge, 183–194. (Scholar)
• –––, 2024, Thought Experiments, Science, and Religion, Leiden: Brill. (Scholar)
• –––, and Harald Wiltsche, 2013, “The Body, Thought Experiments, and Phenomenology”, in M. Frappier et al. (eds.), Thought Experiments in Philosophy, Science, and the Arts, London: Routledge, 69–89. (Scholar)
• –––, and Michael T. Stuart, 2014, “Origins of the Philosophy of Thought Experiments: The Forerun”, Perspectives on Science, 22: 179–220. (Scholar)
• Fisch, Menachem, 2017, Creatively Undecided: Toward a History and Philosophy of Scientific Agency, Chicago: Chicago University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2019, “Gulliver and the Rabbis: Counterfactual Truth in Science and the Talmud”, Religions: An Open Access Journal of Theology, https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10030228. (Scholar)
• Focquaert, Farah, 2003, “Personal Identity and its Boundaries: Philosophical Thought Experiments”, Philosophica, 72: 131–152. (Scholar)
• Fodor, Jerry, 1964, “On Knowing What We Would Say”, Philosophical Review, 73: 198–212. (Scholar)
• Frappier, Melanie, and Letitia Meynell, and James Robert Brown (eds.), 2013, Thought Experiments in Philosophy, Science, and the Arts, London: Routledge. (Scholar)
• Fuhrer, Therese, 2007, “Der Geist im Vollkommenen Körper: Ein Gedankenexperiment in Augustins De civitate 22”, in D. Frede and B. Reis (eds.), Body and Soul in Ancient Philosophy, Berlin: de Gruyter, 465–491. (Scholar)
• Gähde, Ulrich, 2000, “Gedankenexperimente in Erkenntnistheorie und Physik: Strukturelle Parallelen”, in J. Nida-Rümlin, Rationalität, Realismus, Revision, Berlin: de Gruyter, 457–464. (Scholar)
• Gendler, Tamar S., 1998, “Galileo and the Indispensability of Scientific Thought Experiment”,The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 49:397–424. (Scholar)
• –––, 2000, Thought Experiment: On the Powers and Limits of Imaginary Cases, New York: Garland Press (now Routledge). (Scholar)
• –––, 2002a, “Personal Identity and Thought-Experiments”, Philosophical Quarterly, 52: 34–54. (Scholar)
• –––, 2002b, “Thought Experiment”, Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science, New York; London: Nature/Routledge. (Scholar)
• –––, 2004, “Thought Experiments Rethought— and Reperceived”, Philosophy of Science, 71: 1152–1164. (Scholar)
• –––, 2005, “Thought Experiments in Science”, Encyclopedia of Philosophy, New York: MacMillan. (Scholar)
• –––, 2007, “Philosophical Thought Experiments, Intuitions, and Cognitive Equilibrium”, Midwest Studies in Philosophy of Science, 31: 68–89. (Scholar)
• Gendler, Tamar S., and John Hawthorne (eds.), 2002, Conceivability and Possibility. New York/Oxford: Clarendon/Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Genz, Henning, 1999, Gedankenexperimente, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. (Scholar)
• Georgiou, Andreas, 2007, “An Embodied Cognition View of Imagery-Based Reasoning in Science: Lessons from Thought Experiments”, Croatian Journal of Philosophy, VII: 29–45. (Scholar)
• Glas, Eduard, 1999, “Thought Experimentation and Mathematical Innovation”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 30: 1–19. (Scholar)
• Gomila, Antoni, 1991, “What is a Thought Experiment?”, Metaphilosophy, 22: 84–92. (Scholar)
• Gooding, David C., 1992, “The Cognitive Turn, or, Why Do Thought Experiments Work?”, in R. N. Giere (ed.), Cognitive Models of Science, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 45–76. (Scholar)
• –––, 1993, “What is Experimental About Thought Experiments?”, Proceedings of the Philosophy of Science Association, 2: 280–290. (Scholar)
• –––, 1994, “Imaginary Science”, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 45: 1029–1045. (Scholar)
• –––, 1999, “Thought Experiments”, in E. Craig (ed.), Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Volume 9, London: Routledge, 392–397. (Scholar)
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• Grosdanoff, Boris, 2007, “Reconstruction, Justification and Incompatibility in Norton’s Account of Thought Experiments”, Croatian Journal of Philosophy, VII: 69–79. (Scholar)
• Grundmann, Thomas, 2018, “Plato and the A Priori in Thought Experiments”, in M. T. Stuart et al. (eds.), The Routledge Companion to Thought Experiments, London and New York: Routledge, 293–308. (Scholar)
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