[Note: This list contains only items referred to in the notes. Excellent, up to date, comprehensive surveys of the medieval problem of universals are provided in Spade 1985 [Other Internet Resources] and Libera 1996.]

Primary Literature

• Aquinas, Opera Omnia, R. Busa (ed.), Stuttgart-Bad Canstatt: Frommann-Holzboog, 1980.
• Aristotle, The Complete Works of Aristotle, J. Barnes (ed.), Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.
• Augustine, On the Free Choice of the Will, tr. T. Williams, Indianapolis: Hackett, 1993
• Augustine, De diversis quaestionibus octoginta tribus, A. Mutzenbecher (ed.), Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina, vol. 44a, Brepols: Turnholt, 1975
• Avicenna, Metaphysica V, 1, S. Van Riet (ed.), 2 vols., E. Peeters: Louvain, and Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1977, 1980.
• Berkeley, G., A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, Indianapolis: Hackett, 1982.
• Bonaventure, et al., De Humanae Cognitionis Ratione: anecdota quaedam Seraphici Doctoris Sancti Bonaventurae et nunnulorum eius discipulorum, Ad Claras Aquas (Quaracchi): St. Bonaventure, 1883.
• Biel, G., Collectorium: Collectorium circa quattuor libros Sententiarum Gabrielis Biel; W. Werbeck, et al. (eds.), Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1973.
• Cajetan, T., Commentary on Being and Essence, tr. L. J. Kendzierski and F. C. Wade, Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1964.
• Giles of Rome, In Primum Librum Sententiarum, Frankfurt/Main: Minerva, 1968 (Venetiis, 1521). (Scholar)
• Henry of Ghent, Summae quaestionum ordinariarum theologi recepto praeconio solennis Henrici a Gandavo, (Parisiis In aedibus Jodoci Badii Ascensii 1520), New York: Franciscan Institute, 1953. (Scholar)
• John Duns Scotus, B. Ioannis Duns Scoti Commentaria Oxoniensia ad IV libros Magistri Sententiarum, novis curis edidit p. Marianus Fernandez Garcia, Ad Claras Aquas (Quaracchi) prope Florentiam, ex typographia Collegii s. Bonaventurae, 1912–1914.
• John of Salisbury, Metalogicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1929.
• John Wyclif, Tractatus de Universalibus, I. J. Mueller (ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985.
• Plato, Collected Dialogues, E. Hamilton and H. Cairns (eds.), Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982.
• Seneca, Ad Lucilium Epistulae Morales, Loeb classical library: Latin authors, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1962–1967.
• Soto, D., In Porphyrii Isagogen, Aristotelis Categorias, librosque de Demonstratione, Commentaria, Venice, ex officina Dominici Guarraei, et Io. Baptistae, fratrum, 1587, reprint, Frankfurt: Minerva, 1967. (Scholar)
• Spade, P. V., (tr.), Five Texts on the Mediaeval Problem of Universals: Porphyry, Boethius, Abelard, Duns Scotus, Ockham, Indianapolis: Hackett, 1994.
• Suarez, F., Disputaciones Metafisicas, Madrid: Editorial Gredos, 1960.
• Suarez, F., On the Various Kinds of Distinctions (Disputationes metaphysicae, Disputatio VII, de variis distinctionum generibus), tr. intro. C. Vollert, Milwaukee: Marquette University Press: 1947.
• Thomas of Sutton, Quodlibeta, München: Bayerische Akademie, 1969.
• Vincent Ferrer, Tractatus de Suppositionibus, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Fromman Holzboog, 1977.
• Vives, J. L., Against the Pseudodialecticians, tr. R. Guerlac, Dordrecht-Boston-London: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1979.
• William Ockham, Summa Logicae, Ph. Boehner, et al. (eds.), Opera Philosophica, vol. I., St. Bonaventure, NY: The Franciscan Institute, 1974.
• William Ockham, Ordinatio: Guillelmi de Ockham Scriptum in librum primum sententiarum ordinatio: distinctiones XIX-XLVIII, G. I. Etzkorn and F. E. Kelley (eds.), Opera Theologica, vol. IV, St. Bonaventure, NY: The Franciscan Institute, 1979.

Secondary Literature

• Adams, M. M., 1987, William Ockham, 2 volumes, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. (Scholar)
• Amerini, F. and Cesalli, L. (eds.), 2017, Universals in the Fourteenth Century, Pisa: Scuola Normale Superiore. (Scholar)
• Ashworth, E. J., 1974, Language and Logic in the Post-Medieval Period (Synthese Historical Library: Volume 12), Dordrecht: D. Reidel. (Scholar)
• Callus, D. A., 1967, “Unicity and Plurality of Forms”, in New Catholic Encyclopedia, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967–79. (Scholar)
• Cross, R., 2014, “Medieval Theories of Haecceity”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2014/entries/medieval-haecceity/>. (Scholar)
• Gracia, J., 1994, Individuation in Scholasticism: The Later Middle Ages and the Counter Reformation (1150–1650), Albany, NY: SUNY Press. (Scholar)
• Gracia, J., 1984, Introduction to the Problem of Individuation in the Early Middle Ages (Analytica Series), München and Washington, D.C.: Philosophia Verlag and Catholic University of America Press; 2nd edition, 1988. (Scholar)
• Henninger, M., 1989, Relations: Medieval Theories 1250–1325, Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Scholar)
• Hissette, R., 1977, Enquête sur les 219 articles condamnés à Paris le 7 Mars 1277, “Philosophes médiévaux,” Volume 22, Louvain: Publications Universitaires. (Scholar)
• Hyman, A., and Walsh, J. J., (eds.), 1973, Philosophy of the Middle Ages, Indianapolis: Hackett. (Scholar)
• Klima, G., 2011, “Indifference vs. Universality of Mental Representation in Ockham, Buridan, and Aquinas”, in Amerini, F. – Marrone, F. – Porro, P. (eds.) Later Medieval Perspectives on Intentionality (Quaestio 10/2010), Brepols Publishers/Pagina soc. Coop., Turnhout/Bari, 2010, pp. 99–110. (Scholar)
• –––, 2000a, “Thomas of Sutton on the Nature of the Intellective Soul and the Thomistic Theory of Being”, in J. Aertsen, et al. (eds.), Nach der Verurteilung von 1277. Philosophie und Theologie an der Universität von Paris im letzten Viertel des 13. Jahrhunderts, Studien und Texte (Miscellanea Mediaevalia 28), Berlin-New York, 2000, pp. 436-455. [Author preprint of Klima 2000a available online] (Scholar)
• –––, 2000b, “Aquinas on One and Many”, Documenti e Studi sulla Tradizione Filosofica Medievale (An International Journal on the Philosophical Tradition from Late Antiquity to the Late Middle Ages of the Società Internazionale per lo Studio del Medioevo Latino), 11: 195–215. [Author preprint of Klima 2000b available online] (Scholar)
• –––, 1999, “Ockham’s Semantics and Metaphysics of the Categories”, in P. V. Spade (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Ockham, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 118–142. [Author preprint of Klima 1999 available online] (Scholar)
• –––, 1996a, “The Semantic Principles Underlying Saint Thomas Aquinas’s Metaphysics of Being”, Medieval Philosophy and Theology, 5: 87–141. [Author preprint of Klima 1996a available online] (Scholar)
• –––, 1993a, “‘Socrates est species’: Logic, Metaphysics and Psychology in St. Thomas Aquinas’ Treatment of a Paralogism”, in K. Jacobi (ed.), Argumentationstheorie: Scholastische Forschungen zu den logischen und semantischen Regeln korrekten Folgerns, Leiden: Brill, pp. 489–504. (Scholar)
• –––, 1993b, “The Changing Role of Entia Rationis in Medieval Philosophy: A Comparative Study with a Reconstruction”, Synthese, 96: 25–59. [Author preprint of Klima 1993b available online] (Scholar)
• –––, and Hall, A.W. (eds.) 2011, Medieval Metaphysics, or is it “Just Semantics”?, Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. (Scholar)
• Kretzmann, N., and A. Kenny and J. Pinborg (eds.), 1982, The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Libera, A. de, 1996, La querelle des universeaux: De Platon à la fin du Moyen Age, Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1996. (Scholar)
• Marrone, S., 2001, The light of Thy countenance: science and knowledge of God in the thirteenth century, Leiden-Boston: Brill. (Scholar)
• Panaccio, C., 2004, Ockham on Concepts, Aldershot: Ashgate. (Scholar)
• Pasnau, R., 2002, Thomas Aquinas on Human Nature: A Philosophical Study of Summa Theologiae 1a 75–89, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1999a, “Peter John Olivi”, in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (Winter 1999 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win1999/entries/olivi/> (Scholar)
• –––, 1999b, “Divine Illumination”, in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (Winter 1999 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win1999/entries/illumination/> (Scholar)
• –––, 1997, Theories of Cognition in the Later Middle Ages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Read, S. L., 1977, “The Objective Being of Ockham’s Ficta”, The Philosophical Quarterly, 27: 14–31. (Scholar)
• –––, 2015, “Medieval Theories: Properties of Terms”, in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (Spring 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2015/entries/medieval-terms/> (Scholar)
• Schmidt, R. W., 1966, The Domain of Logic according to Saint Thomas Aquinas, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. (Scholar)
• Spade, P. V., 1982, “The Semantics of Terms”, in Kretzmann, et al., 1982, pp. 188–196. (Scholar)
• Tweedale, M., 1982, “Abelard and the Culmination of Old Logic”, in Kretzmann, et al., 1982, pp. 142–157. (Scholar)
• Wood, A., 2011, “Aquinas, Scotus, and Cajetan on ‘Horseness is just Horseness’”, in Klima, et al., 2011, pp. 69–84. (Scholar)