The PhilPapers SurveysPreliminary Survey results (Back to contents)
A priori knowledge: yes or no?
| Accept or lean toward: yes | 82 / 101 (81.2%) |
| Accept or lean toward: no | 15 / 101 (14.9%) |
| Other | 4 / 101 (4.0%) |
Abstract objects: Platonism or nominalism?
| Accept or lean toward: Platonism | 47 / 101 (46.5%) |
| Accept or lean toward: nominalism | 37 / 101 (36.6%) |
| Other | 17 / 101 (16.8%) |
Aesthetic value: objective or subjective?
| Accept or lean toward: objective | 64 / 101 (63.4%) |
| Accept or lean toward: subjective | 20 / 101 (19.8%) |
| Other | 17 / 101 (16.8%) |
Analytic-synthetic distinction: yes or no?
| Accept or lean toward: yes | 76 / 101 (75.2%) |
| Accept or lean toward: no | 15 / 101 (14.9%) |
| Other | 10 / 101 (9.9%) |
Epistemic justification: internalism or externalism?
| Accept or lean toward: internalism | 40 / 101 (39.6%) |
| Accept or lean toward: externalism | 35 / 101 (34.7%) |
| Other | 26 / 101 (25.7%) |
External world: idealism, skepticism, or non-skeptical realism?
| Accept or lean toward: non-skeptical realism | 78 / 101 (77.2%) |
| Accept or lean toward: idealism | 12 / 101 (11.9%) |
| Accept or lean toward: skepticism | 6 / 101 (5.9%) |
| Other | 5 / 101 (5.0%) |
Free will: compatibilism, libertarianism, or no free will?
| Accept or lean toward: libertarianism | 50 / 101 (49.5%) |
| Accept or lean toward: compatibilism | 33 / 101 (32.7%) |
| Other | 9 / 101 (8.9%) |
| Accept or lean toward: no free will | 9 / 101 (8.9%) |
God: theism or atheism?
| Accept or lean toward: theism | 70 / 101 (69.3%) |
| Accept or lean toward: atheism | 20 / 101 (19.8%) |
| Other | 11 / 101 (10.9%) |
Knowledge claims: contextualism, relativism, or invariantism?
| Accept or lean toward: invariantism | 41 / 101 (40.6%) |
| Accept or lean toward: contextualism | 37 / 101 (36.6%) |
| Other | 22 / 101 (21.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: relativism | 1 / 101 (1.0%) |
Knowledge: empiricism or rationalism?
| Accept or lean toward: rationalism | 46 / 101 (45.5%) |
| Other | 29 / 101 (28.7%) |
| Accept or lean toward: empiricism | 26 / 101 (25.7%) |
Laws of nature: Humean or non-Humean?
| Accept or lean toward: non-Humean | 72 / 101 (71.3%) |
| Accept or lean toward: Humean | 16 / 101 (15.8%) |
| Other | 13 / 101 (12.9%) |
Logic: classical or non-classical?
| Accept or lean toward: classical | 57 / 101 (56.4%) |
| Other | 24 / 101 (23.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: non-classical | 20 / 101 (19.8%) |
Mental content: internalism or externalism?
| Accept or lean toward: internalism | 37 / 101 (36.6%) |
| Accept or lean toward: externalism | 35 / 101 (34.7%) |
| Other | 29 / 101 (28.7%) |
Meta-ethics: moral realism or moral anti-realism?
| Accept or lean toward: moral realism | 83 / 101 (82.2%) |
| Accept or lean toward: moral anti-realism | 12 / 101 (11.9%) |
| Other | 6 / 101 (5.9%) |
Metaphilosophy: naturalism or non-naturalism?
| Accept or lean toward: non-naturalism | 62 / 101 (61.4%) |
| Accept or lean toward: naturalism | 20 / 101 (19.8%) |
| Other | 19 / 101 (18.8%) |
Mind: physicalism or non-physicalism?
| Accept or lean toward: non-physicalism | 61 / 101 (60.4%) |
| Accept or lean toward: physicalism | 30 / 101 (29.7%) |
| Other | 10 / 101 (9.9%) |
Moral judgment: cognitivism or non-cognitivism?
| Accept or lean toward: cognitivism | 87 / 101 (86.1%) |
| Accept or lean toward: non-cognitivism | 8 / 101 (7.9%) |
| Other | 6 / 101 (5.9%) |
Moral motivation: internalism or externalism?
| Other | 39 / 101 (38.6%) |
| Accept or lean toward: internalism | 38 / 101 (37.6%) |
| Accept or lean toward: externalism | 24 / 101 (23.8%) |
Newcomb's problem: one box or two boxes?
| Other | 58 / 101 (57.4%) |
| Accept or lean toward: two boxes | 24 / 101 (23.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: one box | 19 / 101 (18.8%) |
Normative ethics: deontology, consequentialism, or virtue ethics?
| Accept or lean toward: virtue ethics | 37 / 101 (36.6%) |
| Accept or lean toward: deontology | 28 / 101 (27.7%) |
| Other | 28 / 101 (27.7%) |
| Accept or lean toward: consequentialism | 8 / 101 (7.9%) |
Perceptual experience: disjunctivism, qualia theory, representationalism, or sense-datum theory?
| Other | 42 / 101 (41.6%) |
| Accept or lean toward: representationalism | 23 / 101 (22.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: qualia theory | 19 / 101 (18.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: disjunctivism | 11 / 101 (10.9%) |
| Accept or lean toward: sense-datum theory | 6 / 101 (5.9%) |
Personal identity: biological view, psychological view, or further-fact view?
| Other | 31 / 101 (30.7%) |
| Accept or lean toward: further-fact view | 29 / 101 (28.7%) |
| Accept or lean toward: psychological view | 22 / 101 (21.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: biological view | 19 / 101 (18.8%) |
Politics: communitarianism, egalitarianism, or libertarianism?
| Other | 37 / 101 (36.6%) |
| Accept or lean toward: communitarianism | 28 / 101 (27.7%) |
| Accept or lean toward: egalitarianism | 19 / 101 (18.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: libertarianism | 17 / 101 (16.8%) |
Proper names: Fregean or Millian?
| Other | 48 / 101 (47.5%) |
| Accept or lean toward: Millian | 27 / 101 (26.7%) |
| Accept or lean toward: Fregean | 26 / 101 (25.7%) |
Science: scientific realism or scientific anti-realism?
| Accept or lean toward: scientific realism | 76 / 101 (75.2%) |
| Accept or lean toward: scientific anti-realism | 19 / 101 (18.8%) |
| Other | 6 / 101 (5.9%) |
Teletransporter (new matter): survival or death?
| Accept or lean toward: death | 45 / 101 (44.6%) |
| Accept or lean toward: survival | 33 / 101 (32.7%) |
| Other | 23 / 101 (22.8%) |
Time: A-theory or B-theory?
| Other | 46 / 101 (45.5%) |
| Accept or lean toward: A-theory | 37 / 101 (36.6%) |
| Accept or lean toward: B-theory | 18 / 101 (17.8%) |
Trolley problem (five straight ahead, one on side track, turn requires switching, what ought one do?): switch or don't switch?
| Accept or lean toward: switch | 67 / 101 (66.3%) |
| Other | 27 / 101 (26.7%) |
| Accept or lean toward: don't switch | 7 / 101 (6.9%) |
Truth: correspondence, deflationary, or epistemic?
| Accept or lean toward: correspondence | 67 / 101 (66.3%) |
| Accept or lean toward: epistemic | 12 / 101 (11.9%) |
| Accept or lean toward: deflationary | 12 / 101 (11.9%) |
| Other | 10 / 101 (9.9%) |
Zombies: inconceivable, conceivable but not metaphysically possible, or metaphysically possible?
| Accept or lean toward: metaphysically possible | 39 / 101 (38.6%) |
| Accept or lean toward: conceivable but not metaphysically possible | 32 / 101 (31.7%) |
| Other | 17 / 101 (16.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: inconceivable | 13 / 101 (12.9%) |
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