The PhilPapers SurveysPreliminary Survey results (Back to contents)
A priori knowledge: yes or no?
| Accept or lean toward: yes | 125 / 217 (57.6%) |
| Accept or lean toward: no | 74 / 217 (34.1%) |
| Other | 18 / 217 (8.3%) |
Abstract objects: Platonism or nominalism?
| Accept or lean toward: nominalism | 122 / 217 (56.2%) |
| Other | 53 / 217 (24.4%) |
| Accept or lean toward: Platonism | 42 / 217 (19.4%) |
Aesthetic value: objective or subjective?
| Accept or lean toward: subjective | 123 / 217 (56.7%) |
| Accept or lean toward: objective | 58 / 217 (26.7%) |
| Other | 36 / 217 (16.6%) |
Analytic-synthetic distinction: yes or no?
| Accept or lean toward: yes | 112 / 217 (51.6%) |
| Accept or lean toward: no | 62 / 217 (28.6%) |
| Other | 43 / 217 (19.8%) |
Epistemic justification: internalism or externalism?
| Accept or lean toward: externalism | 88 / 217 (40.6%) |
| Other | 71 / 217 (32.7%) |
| Accept or lean toward: internalism | 58 / 217 (26.7%) |
External world: idealism, skepticism, or non-skeptical realism?
| Accept or lean toward: non-skeptical realism | 110 / 217 (50.7%) |
| Accept or lean toward: skepticism | 49 / 217 (22.6%) |
| Other | 29 / 217 (13.4%) |
| Accept or lean toward: idealism | 29 / 217 (13.4%) |
Free will: compatibilism, libertarianism, or no free will?
| Accept or lean toward: compatibilism | 91 / 217 (41.9%) |
| Accept or lean toward: no free will | 51 / 217 (23.5%) |
| Accept or lean toward: libertarianism | 47 / 217 (21.7%) |
| Other | 28 / 217 (12.9%) |
God: theism or atheism?
| Accept or lean toward: atheism | 135 / 217 (62.2%) |
| Accept or lean toward: theism | 44 / 217 (20.3%) |
| Other | 38 / 217 (17.5%) |
Knowledge claims: contextualism, relativism, or invariantism?
| Accept or lean toward: contextualism | 94 / 217 (43.3%) |
| Other | 67 / 217 (30.9%) |
| Accept or lean toward: relativism | 30 / 217 (13.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: invariantism | 26 / 217 (12.0%) |
Knowledge: empiricism or rationalism?
| Accept or lean toward: empiricism | 92 / 217 (42.4%) |
| Other | 69 / 217 (31.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: rationalism | 56 / 217 (25.8%) |
Laws of nature: Humean or non-Humean?
| Accept or lean toward: Humean | 96 / 217 (44.2%) |
| Accept or lean toward: non-Humean | 65 / 217 (30.0%) |
| Other | 56 / 217 (25.8%) |
Logic: classical or non-classical?
| Accept or lean toward: classical | 81 / 217 (37.3%) |
| Other | 78 / 217 (35.9%) |
| Accept or lean toward: non-classical | 58 / 217 (26.7%) |
Mental content: internalism or externalism?
| Other | 84 / 217 (38.7%) |
| Accept or lean toward: externalism | 72 / 217 (33.2%) |
| Accept or lean toward: internalism | 61 / 217 (28.1%) |
Meta-ethics: moral realism or moral anti-realism?
| Accept or lean toward: moral realism | 97 / 217 (44.7%) |
| Accept or lean toward: moral anti-realism | 79 / 217 (36.4%) |
| Other | 41 / 217 (18.9%) |
Metaphilosophy: naturalism or non-naturalism?
| Accept or lean toward: naturalism | 105 / 217 (48.4%) |
| Other | 65 / 217 (30.0%) |
| Accept or lean toward: non-naturalism | 47 / 217 (21.7%) |
Mind: physicalism or non-physicalism?
| Accept or lean toward: physicalism | 113 / 217 (52.1%) |
| Accept or lean toward: non-physicalism | 60 / 217 (27.6%) |
| Other | 44 / 217 (20.3%) |
Moral judgment: cognitivism or non-cognitivism?
| Accept or lean toward: cognitivism | 95 / 217 (43.8%) |
| Other | 71 / 217 (32.7%) |
| Accept or lean toward: non-cognitivism | 51 / 217 (23.5%) |
Moral motivation: internalism or externalism?
| Accept or lean toward: internalism | 83 / 217 (38.2%) |
| Other | 71 / 217 (32.7%) |
| Accept or lean toward: externalism | 63 / 217 (29.0%) |
Newcomb's problem: one box or two boxes?
| Other | 142 / 217 (65.4%) |
| Accept or lean toward: one box | 40 / 217 (18.4%) |
| Accept or lean toward: two boxes | 35 / 217 (16.1%) |
Normative ethics: deontology, consequentialism, or virtue ethics?
| Other | 64 / 217 (29.5%) |
| Accept or lean toward: virtue ethics | 64 / 217 (29.5%) |
| Accept or lean toward: consequentialism | 56 / 217 (25.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: deontology | 33 / 217 (15.2%) |
Perceptual experience: disjunctivism, qualia theory, representationalism, or sense-datum theory?
| Other | 101 / 217 (46.5%) |
| Accept or lean toward: representationalism | 40 / 217 (18.4%) |
| Accept or lean toward: qualia theory | 39 / 217 (18.0%) |
| Accept or lean toward: sense-datum theory | 24 / 217 (11.1%) |
| Accept or lean toward: disjunctivism | 13 / 217 (6.0%) |
Personal identity: biological view, psychological view, or further-fact view?
| Other | 97 / 217 (44.7%) |
| Accept or lean toward: psychological view | 66 / 217 (30.4%) |
| Accept or lean toward: further-fact view | 28 / 217 (12.9%) |
| Accept or lean toward: biological view | 26 / 217 (12.0%) |
Politics: communitarianism, egalitarianism, or libertarianism?
| Other | 69 / 217 (31.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: libertarianism | 56 / 217 (25.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: egalitarianism | 56 / 217 (25.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: communitarianism | 36 / 217 (16.6%) |
Proper names: Fregean or Millian?
| Other | 113 / 217 (52.1%) |
| Accept or lean toward: Fregean | 65 / 217 (30.0%) |
| Accept or lean toward: Millian | 39 / 217 (18.0%) |
Science: scientific realism or scientific anti-realism?
| Accept or lean toward: scientific realism | 117 / 217 (53.9%) |
| Accept or lean toward: scientific anti-realism | 54 / 217 (24.9%) |
| Other | 46 / 217 (21.2%) |
Teletransporter (new matter): survival or death?
| Other | 86 / 217 (39.6%) |
| Accept or lean toward: survival | 78 / 217 (35.9%) |
| Accept or lean toward: death | 53 / 217 (24.4%) |
Time: A-theory or B-theory?
| Other | 140 / 217 (64.5%) |
| Accept or lean toward: A-theory | 39 / 217 (18.0%) |
| Accept or lean toward: B-theory | 38 / 217 (17.5%) |
Trolley problem (five straight ahead, one on side track, turn requires switching, what ought one do?): switch or don't switch?
| Accept or lean toward: switch | 111 / 217 (51.2%) |
| Other | 71 / 217 (32.7%) |
| Accept or lean toward: don't switch | 35 / 217 (16.1%) |
Truth: correspondence, deflationary, or epistemic?
| Accept or lean toward: correspondence | 65 / 217 (30.0%) |
| Other | 59 / 217 (27.2%) |
| Accept or lean toward: epistemic | 52 / 217 (24.0%) |
| Accept or lean toward: deflationary | 41 / 217 (18.9%) |
Zombies: inconceivable, conceivable but not metaphysically possible, or metaphysically possible?
| Accept or lean toward: conceivable but not metaphysically possible | 78 / 217 (35.9%) |
| Accept or lean toward: metaphysically possible | 58 / 217 (26.7%) |
| Accept or lean toward: inconceivable | 44 / 217 (20.3%) |
| Other | 37 / 217 (17.1%) |
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