Abstract
In this paper I argue for a place for logic inscientific methodology, at the same level asthat of computational and historicalapproaches. While it is well known that a awhole generation of philosophers dismissedLogical Positivism (not just for the logicthough), there are at least two reasons toreconsider logical approaches in the philosophyof science. On the one hand, the presentsituation in logical research has gone farbeyond the formal developments that deductivelogic reached last century, and new researchincludes the formalization of several othertypes of reasoning, like induction andabduction. On the other hand, we call for abalanced Philosophy of Science, one inwhich both methods, the formal and thehistorical may be complementary, togetherproviding a pluralistic view of science, inwhich no method is the predominant one.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Aliseda, A., 1997: Seeking Explanations: Abduction in Logic, Philosophy of Science and Artificial Intelligence. Dissertation Stanford University, Published by the Institute for Logic, Language, and Computation (ILLC). Universiteit van Amsterdam.
Aliseda, A.: 2000, Abduction as Epistemic Change: A Peircean Model in Arti-ficial Intelligence. In P. Flach and A. Kakas (eds.), Abductive and Inductive Reasoning: Essays on their Relation and Integration. Kluwer Academic Press.
Aliseda, A.: forthcoming, Lacuna, Empirical Progress and Semantic Tableaux. In Logics of Scientific Cognition: Essays in Debate with Theo Kuipers, Poznan Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities.
Barwise, J. and J. Etchemendy: 1995, Hyperproof. Center for the Study of Language and Information. Lecture Notes Series 42.
Batens, D.: forthcoming, A Logic of Induction. In Logics of Scientific Cognition: Essays in Debate with Theo Kuipers, Poznan Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities.
van Benthem, J.: 1984, The Variety of Consequence, According to Bolzano, Studia Logica44: 389–403.
van Benthem, J.: 1991, Logic as Programming, Fundamenta Informaticae17(4): 285–318.
van Benthem, J. and G. Cepparello: 1994, Tarskian Variations: Dynamic Parameters in Classical Semantics, Technical Report CS-R9419. Amsterdam: Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science (CWI).
van Benthem, J.: 1996, Exploring Logical Dynamics. CSLI and Cambridge University Press. Studies in Logic, Language and Information Series.
Beth, E.W.: 1959, The Foundations of Mathematics. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co.
Bolzano, B.: 1973, Wissenschaftslehre, Seidel Buchhandlung, Sulzbach. Theory of Science, B. Torrel (trans.), J. Berg (ed.). The Netherlands, Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company.
Burger, I.C. and J. Heidema: forthcoming, Degrees of Abductive Boldness. In L. Magnani, N. Nersessian and C. Pizzi (eds.), Logical and Computational Aspects of Model-Based Reasoning. Kluwer Aplied Logic Series.
Corcoran, J.: 1975, Meanings of Implication, Diaglos9: 59–76.
Flach, P.A.: 1995, Conjectures: an Inquiry Concerning the Logic of Induction, PhD Thesis, Tilburg University.
van Frassen, B.: 1980, The Scientific Image. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Gabbay, D.M.: 1994, Classical vs Non-Classical Logics (the Universality of Classical Logic). In D.M. Gabbay, C.J. Hogger and J.A. Robinson (eds.), Handbook of Logic in Artificial Intelligence and Logic Programming. Volume 2 Deduction Methodologies. Clarendon Press and Oxford Science Publications, 359–500.
Gabbay, D.M. and J. Woods: forthcoming, The Reach of Abduction.
Gärdenfors, P.: 1988, Knowledge in Flux: Modeling the Dynamics of Epistemic States. MIT Press.
Gillies: 1996, Artificial Intelligence and Scientific Method. Oxford University Press.
Groeneveld, W.: 1995, Logical Investigations into Dynamic Semantics. PhD Dissertation, Institute for Logic, Language and Information, University of Amsterdam.
Hanson, N.R.: 1961, Patterns of Scientific Discovery. Cambridge: The University Press.
Josephson, J.R.: 1994, Abductive Inference. Cambridge University Press.
Kakas, A.C., R.A. Kowalski and F. Toni: 1993, Abductive Logic Programming, Journal of Logic and Computation2(6): 719–770.
Kalsbeek, M.: 1995, Meta Logics for Logic Programming. PhD Dissertation, Institute for Logic, Language and Information, University of Amsterdam.
Konolige: 1990, A General Theory of Abduction. in Automated Abduction, Working Notes. Spring Symposium Series of the AAA, Stanford University, 62–66.
Kowalski, R.A.: 1979, Logic for Problem Solving. New York: Elsevier.
Kuipers, T.: 1999, Abduction Aiming at Empirical Progress or Even at Truth Approximation, Foundations of Science4: 307–323.
Kuipers, T.: 2000. From Instrumentalismto Constructive Realism: On Some Relations etween Confirmation, Empirical Progress, and Truth Approximation. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Synthese Library.
Kraus, S., D. Lehmann and M. Magidor: 1990, Nonmonotonic Reasoning, PreferentialModels and Cumulative Logics, Artificial Intelligence44: 167–207.
Lakatos, I.: 1976, Proofs and Refutations. the Logic of Mathematical Discovery. Cambridge University Press.
Langley, P., H.A. Simon, G.L. Bradshaw and J.M. Zytkow: 1987, Scientific iscovery: Computational Explorations of the Creative Processes. Cambridge, A: MIT Press.
Mayer, M.C. and F. Pirri: 1993, First Order Abduction via Tableau and Sequent Calculi, Bulletin of the IGPL1: 99–117.
Meheus, J. and T. Nickles: 1999, Scientific Discovery and Creativity: Methodological Approaches, Foundations of Science(4): 3.
Meheus, J.: forthcoming, Ampliative Adaptative Logics and the Foundation of Logic-Based Approaches to Abduction. In L. Magnani, N. Nersessian and C. Pizzi (eds.), Logical and Computational Aspects of Model-based Reasoning. luwer Aplied Logic Series.
Michalski, R.: 1994, Inferential Theory of Learning: Developing Foundations for Multistrategy Learning. In Machine Learning: A Multistrategy Approach. Morgan Kaufman Publishers.
Paul, G.: 1993, Approaches to Abductive Reasoning: An Overview, Artificial ntelligence Review7: 109–152.
Peirce, C.S.: 1958, Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, volumes 1-6, C. Hartshorne and P. Weiss (eds.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1931–1935; and volumes 7-8, A.W. Burks (ed.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Poole, D., R.G. Goebel and Aleliunas: 1987, Theorist: A Logical Reasoning System for Default and Diagnosis. In Cercone and McCalla (eds.), The Knowledge Fronteer: Essays in the Representation of Knowledge. Springer Verlag Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 331–352.
Perry, J. and J. Barwise: 1983, Situations and Attitudes. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Polya, G.: 1945, How to Solve It. A New Aspect of Mathematical Method. Princeton University Press.
Popper, K.: 1963, Conjectures and Refutations. The Growth of Scientific Knowledge, 5th edn. London/New York: Routledge.
Popper, K.: 1958, The Logic of Scientific Discovery. London: Hutchinson.
Pople, H.E.: 1973, On the Mechanization of Abductive Logic. In Proceedings of the Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. SanMateo: IJCAI; Stanford, CA: Morgan Kauffmann, 147–152.
Quine, W.V.: 1961, On What There Is. In From a Logical Point of View, 2nd edn. rev. Cambridge and Harvard University Press.
Reichenbach, H.: 1938, Experience and Prediction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Reiter, R.: 1980, A Logic for Default Reasoning, Artificial Intelligence13.
Rescher, N.: 1978, Peirce's Philosophy of Science. Critical Studies in His Theory of Induction and Scientific Method. University of Notre Dame.
Ruben, D-H.: 1990, Explaining Explanation. London/New York: Routledge.
Salmon, W.: 1977, A Third Dogma of Empiricism. In Butts and Hintikka (eds.), Basic Problems in Methodology and Linguistics. Dordrecht: Reidel.
Salmon, W.: 1990, Four Decades of Scientific Explanation. University of Minnesota Press.
Shoham, Y.: 1988, Reasoning about Change. Time and Causation from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Simon, H.A., P. Langley and G.L. Bradshaw: 1981, Scientific Reasoning as Problem Solving, Synthese47: 1–27.
Suppes, P.C.: 1979, Estudios de Filosofía y metodología de la ciencia. Alianza Editorial.
Tan, Y.H.: 1995, Non-Monotonic Reasoning: Logical Architecture and Philosophical Applications, PhD Thesis, University of Amsterdam.
Thagard, P.: 1988, Computational Philosophy of Science. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Thagard, P.: 1992, Conceptual Revolutions. Princeton University Press.
Thompson, P.: 1981, Bolzano's Deducibility and Tarski's Logical Consequence, History and Philosophy of Logic2: 11–20.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Aliseda, A. Logics in Scientific Discovery. Foundations of Science 9, 339–363 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:FODA.0000042847.62285.81
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:FODA.0000042847.62285.81