Skip to main content

Biological Integrity Versus Biological Diversity as Policy Directives: Protecting Biotic Resources

  • Chapter
Ecosystem Management

Abstract

Two phrases — biological integrity and biological diversity—have joined the lexicon of biologists and natural resource managers during the past two decades. The importance of these phrases is demonstrated by their influence on environmental research, regulatory, and policy agendas. The concepts behind the phrases are central to strategies being developed to sustain global resources (Lubchenco et al. 1991). Unfortunately, the phrases are widely used by the media, citizens, policy makers, and some biologists without adequate attention to the concepts they embody. Precise use of the terms integrity and diversity can help set and achieve societal goals for sustaining global resources; imprecise or inappropriate use may exacerbate biotic impoverishment—the systematic decline in biological resources (Woodwell 1990).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allan, J. D., and A. S. Flecker. 1993. Biodiversity conservation in running waters. BioScience 43:32–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, T. F. H., and T. W. Hoekstra. 1992. Toward a Unified Ecology. Columbia University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angermeier, P. L. 1994. Does biodiversity include artificial diversity? Conserv. Biol. 8:600–602.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bormann, F. H. 1985. Air pollution and forests: an ecosystem perspective. BioScience 35:434–441.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, R. L. 1986. Property rights and incentives in the preservation of species. Pages 255–267 in B. G. Norton, ed. The Preservation of Species. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deegan, L. A., J. T. Finn, S. G. Ayvazian, and C. Ryder. 1993. Feasibility and application of the index of biotic integrity in Massachusetts estuaries (EBI). Final Project Report, Ecosystem Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrlich, P. R., and H. A. Mooney. 1983. Extinction, substitution, and ecosystem services. BioScience 33:248–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrlich, P. R., and E. O. Wilson. 1991. Biodiversity studies: science and policy. Science 253:758–762.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisner, T. 1992. The hidden value of species diversity. BioScience 42:578.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1990. Biological criteria: national program guidance for surface waters. EPA-440/-90-004. EPA, Office of Water, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1991a. Biological criteria: state development and implementation efforts. EPA-440/5-91-003. EPA, Office of Water, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1991b. Biological criteria: research and regulation. EPA-440/5-91-005. EPA, Office of Water, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, J. F., P. M. Frenzen, and F. J. Swanson. 1988. Re-creation of ecosystems at Mount St. Helens: contrasts in artificial and natural approaches. Pages 1–37 in J. Cairns Jr., ed. Rehabilitating Damaged Ecosystems. Vol. II. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey, D. 1975. Biological integrity of water: an historical perspective. Pages 127–139 in R. K. Ballentine and L. J. Guarraia, eds. The Integrity of Water. EPA, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gore, J. A., ed. 1985. The Restoration of Rivers and Streams. Butter worth, Boston, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, S. V., F. J. Swanson, W. A. McKee, and K. W. Cummins, 1991. An ecosystem perspective of riparian zones. BioScience 41:540–551.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanski, I., and M. Gilpin. 1991. Meta-population dynamics: a brief history and conceptual domain. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 42:3–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoover, S. R., and A. J. Parker. 1991. Spatial components of biotic diversity in landscapes of Georgia, USA. Landscape Ecol. 5:125–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howarth, R. W. 1991. Comparative responses of aquatic ecosystems to toxic chemical stress. Pages 169–195 in J. Cole, G. Lovett, and S. Findlay, eds. Comparative Analyses of Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, M. L. Jr. 1990. Wildlife, Forests, and Forestry. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karr, J. R. 1991. Biological integrity: a long neglected aspect of water resource management. Ecological Applications 1:66–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karr, J. R. 1993. Protecting ecological integrity: an urgent societal goal. Yale Journal International Law 18:297–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karr, J. R. 1994. Landscapes and management for ecological integrity. Pages 229–251 in K. C. Kim and R. D. Weaver, eds. Biodiversity and Landscapes. Cambridge University Press, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Karr, J. R., and D. R. Dudley. 1981. Ecological perspective on water quality goals. Environ. Manage. 5:55–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karr, J. R., K. D. Fausch, P. L. Angermeier, P. R. Yant, and I. J. Schlosser. 1986. Assessing biological integrity in running waters: a method and its rationale. Special Publication 5. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, A. W. 1993. Considerations of scale and hierarchy. Pages 19–45 in S. Woodley, J. Kay, and G. Francis, eds. Ecological Integrity and the Management of Ecosystems. St. Lucie Press, Delray Beach, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lande, R., and G. F. Barrowclough. 1987. Effective population size, genetic variation, and their use in population management. Pages 87–123 in M. E. Soule, ed. Viable Populations for Conservation. Cambridge University Press, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, S. A. 1992. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology 73:1943–1967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lippke, B. 1993. Focus on preserving old growth is counterproductive to achieving biodiversity. Northwest Environ. J. 9:10–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Livingston, R. J. 1991. Historical relationships between research and resource management in the Apalachicola River estuary. Ecological Applications 1:361–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lubchenco, J., et al. 1991. The sustainable biosphere initiative: an ecological research agenda. Ecology 72:371–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, C. C., and M. L. Plummer. 1993. The high cost of biodiversity. Science 260:1868–1871.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mares, M. A. 1992. Neotropical mammals and the myth of Amazonian biodiversity. Science 255:976–979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Master, L. 1990. The imperiled status of North American aquatic animals. Biodiversity Network News 3(3):1–2, 7–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milton, S. J., W. R. J. Dean, M. A. duPlessis, and W. R. Siegfried. 1994. A conceptual model of arid rangeland degradation: the escalating cost of declining productivity. BioScience 44:70–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, N. 1979. The Sinking Ark. Pergamon Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nehlsen, W., J. E. Williams, and J. A. Lichatowich. 1991. Pacific salmon at the crossroads: stocks at risk from California, Oregon, Idaho, and Washington. Fisheries (Bethesda) 16(2):4–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noss, R. F. 1990. Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: a hierarchical approach. Conserv. Biol. 4:355–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noss, R. F., and L. D. Harris. 1986. Nodes, net-works, and MUM’s: preserving diversity at all scales. Environ. Manage. 10:299–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Odum, E. P. 1985. Trends expected in stressed ecosystems. BioScience 35:419–422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Office of Technology Assessment (OTA). 1987. Technologies to Maintain Biological Diversity. Congress of the United States, OTA-F-330, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (Ohio EPA). 1988. Biological criteria for the protection of aquatic life. Ohio EPA, Division of Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment, Surface Water Section, Columbus, OH.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill, R. V., A. R. Johnson, and A. W. King. 1989. A hierarchical framework for the analysis of scale. Landscape Ecol. 3:193–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orr, D. W. 1992. Ecological Literacy. State University of New York Press, Albany, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osborne, L. L., P. B. Bayley, and L. W. Higler, eds. 1993. Lowland stream restoration: theory and practice. Special issue. Freshwater Biol. 29:187–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, T. 1992. The case for human beings. Atlantic Monthly 269(1):83–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickett, S. T. A., V. T. Parker, and P. L. Fiedler. 1992. The new paradigm in ecology: implications for conservation biology above the species level. Pages 65–88 in P. L. Fiedler and S. K. Jain, eds. Conservation Biology. Chapman & Hall, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray, G. C., and J. F. Grassle. 1991. Marine biological diversity. BioScience 41:453–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Redford, K. H., and S. E. Sanderson. 1992. The brief barren marriage of biodiversity and sustain-ability? Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am. 73:36–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiger, H. A. 1993. The notion of natural and cultural integrity. Pages 3–18 in S. Woodley, J. Kay, and G. Francis, eds. Ecological Integrity and the Management of Ecosystems. St. Lucie Press, Delray Beach, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, W. V., and K. R. Miller. 1989. Keeping Options Alive. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roughgarden, J., S. Gaines, and H. Possingham. 1988. Recruitment dynamics in complex life cycles. Science 241:1460–1466.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salwasser, H. 1991. In search of an ecosystem approach to endangered species conservation. Pages 247–265 in K. A. Kohm, ed. Balancing on the Brink of Extinction. Island Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaeffer, D. J., E. E. Herricks, and H. W. Kerster. 1988. Ecosystem health: I. measuring ecosystem health. Environ. Manage. 12:445–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schindler, D. W. 1990. Experimental perturbations of whole lakes as tests of hypotheses concerning ecosystem structure and function. Oikos 57:25–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, J. M., et al. 1993. Gap analysis: a geographic approach to protection of biological diversity. Wildlife Monograph No. 123. The Wildlife Society, Bethesda, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soule, M. E. 1985. What is conservation biology? BioScience 35:727–734.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J. N., W. R. Courtenay Jr., and J. A. McCann. 1984. Known impacts of exotic fishes in the continental United States. Pages 322–373 in W. R. Courtenay Jr. and J. R. Stauffer Jr., eds. Distribution, Biology and Management of Exotic Fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toth, L. A. 1993. The ecological basis of the Kis-simmee River restoration plan. Fla. Sci. 56(1):25–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vane-Wright, R. I., C. J. Humphries, and P. H. Williams. 1991. What to protect? Systematics and the agony of choice. Biol. Conserv. 55:235–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vitousek, P. M. 1990. Biological invasions and ecosystem processes: towards an integration of population biology and ecosystem studies. Oikos 57:7–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. E., and R. J. Neves. 1992. Introducing the elements of biological diversity in the aquatic environment. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 57:345–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, E. O. 1985. The biological diversity crisis. BioScience 35:700–706.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodwell, G. M., ed. 1990. The Earth in Transition. Cambridge University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 American Institute of Biological Sciences

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Angermeier, P.L., Karr, J.R. (1994). Biological Integrity Versus Biological Diversity as Policy Directives: Protecting Biotic Resources. In: Ecosystem Management. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4018-1_24

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4018-1_24

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-94667-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-4018-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics