Abstract
The study focuses on the mobile telecommunications industry in Afghanistan prior to the Taliban takeover of the country in 2021 and seeks to study how the mobile telecommunications corporations engage with the different area-specific governance systems in order to gain legitimacy to operate across Afghanistan. The study capitalises on mixed qualitative data to conduct an embedded case study of the Afghan mobile telecommunications industry as an extreme context for understanding business-society relations in South Asia. Theoretically, the article integrates insights from governance literature on areas of limited statehood to conceptualise business–society relations in Afghanistan beyond state-centric views and assumptions. The findings result in two modalities of business engagement that are conceptualised as a single vis-à-vis multiple governance system approach. Each of these modes of engagement implies a political nature and role for the businesses that are embedded in ethical dilemmas as discussed in the article. These findings contribute to the debate on the ‘political turn’ in the CSR literature and the governance literature on areas of limited statehood.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams, S. (2014). 16 Companies Considered “Best For The World.” Forbes. Retrieved January 5, 2021, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/susanadams/2015/04/14/16-companies-considered-best-for-the-world/.
AFCAC. (2020). An assessment of 10% Telecommunications Service Tax Collection Mechanism and Its Transparency. Afghans Coordination Against Corruption.
AFP. (2008). Taliban ultimatum to Afghan phone firms to stop signal at night - YouTube. Retrieved July 15, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AbCLQNPBEHI&list=PLkjLz4ZUNXvkwSMo2RmPvF2aitdLkjcdm&index=16&t=9s.
Afshar Jahanshahi, A., Brem, A., & Hoerauf, D. (2020). Employee creativity in war zones: Empirical evidence from small firms in Afghanistan. Creativity and Innovation Management, caim.12396. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12396
Arjona, A. (2016). Rebelocracy: Social Order in the Colombian Civil War. Cambridge University Press.
Arora, B., Kourula, A., & Phillips, R. (2020). Emerging paradigms of corporate social responsibility, regulation, and governance: Introduction to the thematic symposium. Journal of Business Ethics, 162(2), 265–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04236-2
Assange, J. (2014). WikiLeaks statement on the mass recording of Afghan telephone calls by the NSA. WikiLeaks.org. https://wikileaks.org/WikiLeaks-statement-on-the-mass.html
Associated Press. (2008). Taliban attack 2 more phone towers - Fearing U.S. tracking, extremists warned carriers to shut them at night. Associated Press in NBC. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/23434656/ns/world_news-south_and_central_asia/t/taliban-attack-more-phone-towers/
ATRA. (2020). Telecom StatisticsTelecom Regulatory Authority of Afghanistan. Retrieved July 15, 2020, from http://atra.gov.af/en/page/telecom-statistics-2014.
Azizi, S. (2017). Corporate Social Responsibility in Afghanistan (PhD Series; 11.2017). Copenhagen Business School, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Azizi, S., Börzel, T., & Hansen, H. K. (2021). Governance and business-society relations in areas of limited statehood: An introduction. Business & Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650320985084
Azizi, S., & Jamali, D. (2016). CSR in Afghanistan: A global CSR Agenda in areas of limited statehood. South Asian Journal of Global Business Research, 5(2), 165–189. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJGBR-01-2015-0007
Banerjee, S. B. (2001). Corporate citizenship and indigenous stakeholders: Exploring a new dynamic of organisational–stakeholder relationships. Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 1, 39–55.
Banerjee, S. B. (2008a). The Political Economy of Corporate Social Responsibility. In A. G. Scherer & G. Palazzo (Eds.), Handbook of research on global corporate citizenship (pp. 454–475). UK: Edward Elgar: Cheltenham.
Banerjee, S. B. (2008b). Corporate social responsibility: The good, the bad and the ugly. Critical Sociology, 34(1), 51–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920507084623
Banerjee, S. B. (2014). A critical perspective on corporate social responsibility: Towards a global governance framework. Critical Perspectives on International Business, 10(1/2), 84–95. https://doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-06-2013-0021
Barfield, T. (2012). Afghanistan, A cultural and political history. Princeton University Press.
Belhoste, N., & Nivet, B. (2020). The organization of short-sightedness: The implications of remaining in conflict zones. The Case of Lafarge during Syria’s Civil War. Business & Society, 0007650320934389.
Bjelica, J., & Clark, K. (2018). One Land, Two Rules (1): Service delivery in insurgent-affected areas, an introduction. Afghanistan Analysts Network.
Blowfield, M., & Frynas, J. G. (2005). Editorial setting new agendas: Critical perspectives on Corporate Social Responsibility in the developing world. International Affairs, 81(3), 499–513. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2005.00465.x
Bolzani, D., & Marabello, S. (2015). Migrants’ Engagement in CSR: The case of a Ghanaian Mirants’ transnational social enterprise. In Blowfield, M., Jamali, Dima, & Karam, C. (Eds.), Development-oriented CSR (Vols. 1–2, Vol. Volume 1, pp. 99–114). Greenleaf Publishing.
Boone, J. (2008). Telecoms chief claims rivals pay protection cash to taliban. Financial Times, p. 10.
Boone, J. (2011). Taliban target mobile phone masts to prevent tipoffs from Afghan civilians. The Guardian. Retrieved July 11, 2014, from http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/11/taliban-targets-mobile-phone-masts.
Börzel, T. A. (2013). Business and governance in areas of limited statehood. In T. A. Börzel, & C. Thauer (Eds.), Business and governance in South Africa: Racing to the top? (pp. 3–17). Palgrave Macmillan. Accessed 20 January 2014
Börzel, T. A., Hönke, J., & Thauer, C. R. (2012). Does it really take the state? Business and Politics, 14(3), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1515/bap-2012-0023
Börzel, T. A., & Risse, T. (2010). Governance without a state: Can it work? Regulation & Governance, 4(2), 113–134. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5991.2010.01076.x
Börzel, T. A., & Risse, T. (2021). Effective governance under anarchy: Institutions, legitimacy, and social trust in areas of limited statehood. Cambridge University Press.
Börzel, T. A., Risse, T., & Draude, A. (2018). The Oxford handbook of governance and limited statehood. Oxford University Press.
Brammer, S., Jackson, G., & Matten, D. (2012). Corporate social responsibility and institutional theory: New perspectives on private governance. Socio-Economic Review, 10(1), 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwr030
Bullough, A., & Renko, M. (2017). A different frame of reference: Entrepreneurship and gender differences in the perception of danger. Academy of Management Discoveries, 3(1), 21–41. https://doi.org/10.5465/amd.2015.0026
Bullough, A., Renko, M., & Myatt, T. (2014). Danger zone entrepreneurs: The importance of resilience and self-efficacy for entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38(3), 473–499. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12006
Cederstrom, C., & Marinetto, M. (2013). Corporate social responsibility a la the liberal communist. Organization, 20(3), 416–432. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508413478311
Chapple, W., & Moon, J. (2007). CSR agendas for Asia. Corporate Social Responsibility & Environmental Management, 14(4), 183–188. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.159
Chojnacki, S., & Branovic, Z. (2011). New Modes of Security. The Violent Making and Unmaking of Governance in War-torn Areas of Limited Statehood. In Governance Without a State? Policies and Politics in Areas of Limited Statehood. Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/riss15120
Chopra, A. (2016, January 18). Afghan Taliban flex muscles with new telecom “tax.” AFP. Retrieved August 25, 2016, from https://www.yahoo.com/news/afghan-taliban-flex-muscles-telecom-tax-064416382.html.
Coulson, A. B., MacLaren, A. C., McKenzie, S., & O’Gorman, K. D. (2014). Hospitality codes and Social Exchange Theory: The Pashtunwali and tourism in Afghanistan. Tourism Management, 45, 134–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.03.019
Cramer, C., & Goodhand, J. (2002). Try again, fail again, fail better? War, the state, and the ‘Post–Conflict’ challenge in Afghanistan. Development and Change, 33(5), 885–909.
de Toledo Gomes, A. (2017). Statebuilding and the politics of budgeting in Afghanistan. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 11(4), 511–528. https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2017.1341369
Deutsche Welle, D. (2016). How the Taliban get their money. DW.COM. Retrieved July 15, 2020, from https://www.dw.com/en/how-the-taliban-get-their-money/a-18995315.
Djelic, M.-L., & Etchanchu, H. (2017). Contextualizing corporate political responsibilities: Neoliberal CSR in historical perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 142(4), 641–661.
Edward, P., & Willmott, H. (2008). Structures, identities and politics: Bringing corporate citizenship into the corporation. Handbook of research on global corporate citizenship (pp. 405–429). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Ehrnström-Fuentes, M. (2016). Delinking legitimacies: A pluriversal perspective on political CSR: A pluriversal perspective on political CSR. Journal of Management Studies, 53(3), 433–462. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12173
Fleming, P., & Jones, M. T. (2013). The end of corporate social responsibility crisis & critique. Sage.
Flyvbjerg, B. (2006). Five misunderstandings about case-study research. Qualitative Inquiry, 12(2), 219–245. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800405284363
Fox, T. (2004). Corporate social responsibility and development: In Quest of an Agenda. Development, 47(3), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.development.1100064
Frynas, J. G., & Stephens, S. (2015). Political corporate social responsibility: Reviewing theories and setting new agendas: Political CSR: Reviewing Theories. International Journal of Management Reviews, 17(4), 483–509. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12049
Fund for Peace. (2014). Fragile States Index. Foreign Policy, July/August. Retrieved July 23, 2014, from http://www.foreignpolicy.com/fragile-states-2014#rankings.
Giustozzi, A. (2019). The Taliban at war: 2001–2018. Oxford University Press.
Gond, J.-P., Kang, N., & Moon, J. (2011). The government of self-regulation: On the comparative dynamics of corporate social responsibility. Economy and Society, 40(4), 640–671. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085147.2011.607364
Goodhand, J. (2005). Frontiers and wars: The opium economy in Afghanistan. Journal of Agrarian Change, 5(2), 191–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2005.00099.x
Grut, C. (2017). How much do I need to pay? Changes to Afghanistan’s Tax Law cause chaos and confusion.
Halme, M., Roome, N., & Dobers, P. (2009). Corporate responsibility: Reflections on context and consequences. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 25(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2008.12.001
Hamdard, J. (2012). The State of Telecoms and Internet in Afghanistan (2006–2012). USAID. Retrieved August 25, 2016, from http://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1871/The%20State%20of%20Telecoms%20and%20Internet%20%20in%20Afghanistan%20%282006-2012%29%20Low-Res.pdf.
Hamid, T. (2016). Taliban “Tax” Phone Companies. Tolonews.com. Afghanistan. Retrieved August 25, 2016, from http://www.tolonews.com/en/afghanistan/23371-taliban-tax-phone-companies.
Hanlon, G., & Fleming, P. P. (2009). Updating the critical perspective on corporate social responsibility. Sociology Compass, 3(6), 937–948. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2009.00250.x
Harvey, D. (2007). A brief history of neoliberalism. Oxford University Press.
Hedayatullah, B. (2019). Kunduz in “darkness” as Taliban continues nighttime communication bans. Salaam Times. Retrieved July 15, 2020, from https://afghanistan.asia-news.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_st/features/2019/02/27/feature-01.
Hickey, M. (2020). When your safety becomes my danger (Ep. 432). Freakonomics. Retrieved January 5, 2021, from https://freakonomics.com/podcast/taliban/.
Hogg, R., Nassif, C., Gomez Osorio, C., Byrd, W., & Beath, A. (2013). Afghanistan in Transition: Looking beyond 2014. The World Bank. Retrieved October 2, 2016, from http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9861-6.
Jamali, D. (2014). CSR in developing countries through an institutional lens. In G. Eweje (Ed.), Corporate social responsibility and sustainability: Emerging trends in developing economies (Vol. 8, pp. 21–44). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Jamali, D., & Karam, C. (2016). Corporate social responsibility in developing countries as an emerging field of study: CSR in developing countries. International Journal of Management Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12112
Jamali, D., Karam, C., & Blowfield, M. (Eds.). (2015a). Development-Oriented Corporate Social Responsibility Volume 1: Multinational Corporations and the Global Context (Vols. 1–2, Vol. 1). Greenleaf Publishing.
Jamali, D., Karam, C., & Blowfield, M. (Eds.). (2015b). Development-Oriented Corporate Social Responsibility Volume 2: Locally Led Initiatives in Developing Economies (Vols. 1–2, Vol. 2). Greenleaf Publishing.
Jeppesen, S., & Azizi, S. (2015). Avenues of Rethinking CSR in development. In Blowfield, M., Jamali, Dima, & Karam, C. (Eds.), Development-Oriented CSR (Vols. 1–2, Vol. Volume 2, pp. 91–105). Greenleaf Publishing. Retrieved January 13, 2015, from http://www.greenleaf-publishing.com/productdetail.kmod?productid=4083.
Jones, M. T., & Fleming, P. (2003). Unpacking complexity through critical stakeholder analysis the case of globalization. Business & Society, 42(4), 430–454.
Khan, M. U. H. (2020). Taliban-US peace deal: Critical analysis and regional realignments. Defence Journal, 23(8), 15.
Kourula, A., Moon, J., Salles-Djelic, M.-L., & Wickert, C. (2019). New roles of government in the governance of business conduct: Implications for management and organizational research. Organization Studies, 40(8), 1101–1123. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840619852142
Krasner, S. D., & Risse, T. (2014). External actors, state-building, and service provision in areas of limited statehood: Introduction: External actors, state-building, and service provision. Governance, 27(4), 545–567. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12065
Lacerda, D. S. (2016). The production of spatial hegemony as statecraft: An attempted passive revolution in the favelas of Rio. Third World Quarterly, 37(6), 1083–1101. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1109437
Lakshmanan, I. (2010). Fighting the Taliban With Cellphones. The New York Times. Retrieved December 10, 2015, from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/24/world/asia/24iht-letter.html?_r=0.
Mäkinen, J., & Kasanen, E. (2016). Boundaries between business and politics: A study on the division of moral labor. Journal of Business Ethics, 134(1), 103–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2419-x
Mäkinen, J., & Kourula, A. (2012). Pluralism in political corporate social responsibility. Business Ethics Quarterly, 22(4), 649–678. https://doi.org/10.5840/beq201222443
Malmstrom, E., & Cusack, J. (2011). Bactrian Gold: Challenges and Hope for Private-Sector Development in Afghanistan. Kauffman Foundation Research Series: Expeditionary Economics.
MCIT. (2020). Telecom sector recent achivements. Retrieved October 2, 2016, from http://mcit.gov.af/en/page/public-documents/6005.
Mir, R., Marens, R., & Mir, A. (2008). The corporation and its fragments: Corporate citizenship and the legacies of imperialism (pp. 527–551). Handbook of Research on Global Corporate Citizenship, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
Misra, A. (2002). The Taliban, radical Islam and Afghanistan. Third World Quarterly, 23(3), 577–589. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590220138349
Moosakhail, Z. (2015). Two mobile towers torched in Maidan wardak. Khaama Press (KP) | Afghan News Agency. Retrieved December 9, 2015, from http://www.khaama.com/two-mobile-towers-torched-in-maidan-wardak-3203.
Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Sage.
Podder, S. (2014). State building and the non-state: Debating key dilemmas. Third World Quarterly, 35(9), 1615–1635. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2014.970864
Prasad, A., & Holzinger, I. (2013). Seeing through smoke and mirrors: A critical analysis of marketing CSR. Journal of Business Research, 66(10), 1915–1921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.02.013
Prieto-Carrón, M., Lund-Thomsen, P., Chan, A., Muro, A., & Bhushan, C. (2006). Critical perspectives on CSR and development: What we know, what we don’t know, and what we need to know. International Affairs, 82(5), 977–987. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2006.00581.x
Rendtorff, J. D. (2020). The concept of business legitimacy: Learnings from Suchman: Integrating sociological, ethical and critical perspectives. In Handbook of business legitimacy: Responsibility, ethics and society (pp. 3–30). Springer.
Rhodes, C., & Fleming, P. (2020). Forget political corporate social responsibility. Organization, 1350508420928526.
Risse, T. (Ed.). (2011). Governance without a state? Policies and politics in areas of limited statehood. Columbia University Press.
Rubin, B. R. (1992). Political elites in Afghanistan: Rentier state building, Rentier state Wrecking. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 24(1), 77–99.
Rubin, B. R. (1995). The search for peace in Afghanistan: From buffer state to failed state. Berghahn Books.
Rubin, B. R. (2000). The political economy of war and peace in Afghanistan. World Development, 28(10), 1789–1803.
Rubin, B. R. (2002). The fragmentation of Afghanistan: State formation and collapse in the international system. Yale University Press.
Rubin, B. R. (2008). Taliban and Telecoms—Secret Negotiations Just Got Easier, and at a Price You Can Afford! Informed Comment. Retrieved January 5, 2021, from http://icga.blogspot.com/2008/03/rubin-taliban-and-telecoms-secret.html.
Ruttig, T. (2009). The Other Side: Dimensions of the Afghan Insurgency: Causes, Actors an [sic] Approaches to ’talks’. Afghanistan Analysts Network.
Ruttig, T., & Ali, O. (2019). Taleban attacks on Kunduz and Pul-e Khumri: Symbolic operations. Afghanistan Analysts Network.
Ryan, G. W., & Bernard, H. R. (2003). Techniques to identify themes. Field Methods, 15(1), 85–109.
Salaam Times. (2018, April 24). Salaam Times. Salaam Times. Retrieved July 15, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=edQXu8Qe7I0&list=PLkjLz4ZUNXvkwSMo2RmPvF2aitdLkjcdm&index=8&t=18s.
Scherer, A. G., & Palazzo, G. (2007). Toward a political conception of corporate responsibility: Business and society seen from a Habermasian perspective. Academy of Management Review, 32(4), 1096–1120. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2007.26585837
Scherer, A. G., & Palazzo, G. (2008). Globalization and corporate social responsibility. In A. Crane, A. McWilliams, D. Matten, J. Moon, & D. Siegel (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of corporate social responsibility (pp. 413–431). Oxford University Press.
Scherer, A. G., & Palazzo, G. (2011). The new political role of business in a globalized world: A review of a new perspective on CSR and its implications for the firm, governance, and democracy. Journal of Management Studies, 48(4), 899–931. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2010.00950.x
Scherer, A. G., Palazzo, G., & Matten, D. (2009). Introduction to the Special Issue: Globalization as a Challenge for Business Responsibilities. Business Ethics Quarterly, 19(3), 327–347.
Scherer, A. G., Rasche, A., Palazzo, G., & Spicer, A. (2016). Managing for political corporate social responsibility: New challenges and directions for PCSR 2.0. Journal of Management Studies, 53(3), 273–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12203
Schneckener, U. (2009). Spoilers or governance actors?: Engaging armed non-state groups in areas of limited statehood, 31 S. Doi: https://doi.org/10.17169/REFUBIUM-21606
Shamir, R. (2008). The age of responsibilization: On market-embedded morality. Economy and Society, 37(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085140701760833
Shevory, K. (2016, April 8). Once a Bright Spot, Afghan Telecoms Face Unsustainable Losses - The New York Times. The New York Times. Retrieved August 25, 2016, from http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/09/business/international/once-a-bright-spot-afghan-telecoms-face-unsustainable-losses.html?_r=0.
Smith, S. (2020). Service Delivery in Taliban-Influenced Areas of Afghanistan (No. 465). United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved July 14, 2020, from https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2020-04/20200430-sr_465-_service_delivery_in_taliban_influenced_areas_of_afghanistan-sr.pdf.
Smith, W. K., Lewis, M. W., Jarzabkowski, P., Langley, A., Smith, W. K., Lewis, M. W., et al. (2017). IntroductionThe Paradoxes of Paradox. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198754428.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780198754428-e-30
Sparacino PLLC. (2020). Afghanistan Cases (Terrorism case). Washington, D.C: Sparacino PLLC. Retrieved January 5, 2021, from https://afghanistan.terrorismcase.com/afghanistan-cases/.
Stollenwerk, E. (2018). Securing legitimacy? Perceptions of security and ISAF’s legitimacy in Northeast Afghanistan. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 12(4), 506–526. https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2018.1504855
Suchman, M. C. (1995). Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches. The Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 571–610.
Trofimov, Y. (2010, March 22). Taliban Force Cellphone Shutdown in Afghanistan. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 10, 2015, from http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704117304575137541465235972.
UNODC. (2015). Afghanistan Opium Survey 2015. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Retrieved October 2, 2016, from https://www.unodc.org/documents/crop-monitoring/Afghanistan/_Afghan_opium_survey_2015_web.pdf.
Verkoren, W., & Kamphuis, B. (2013). State building in a Rentier State: How development policies fail to promote democracy in Afghanistan: State building in a Rentier State: Afghanistan. Development and Change, 44(3), 501–526. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12029
Vogel, D. (2009). The private regulation of global corporate conduct: Achievements and limitations. Business & Society, 49(1), 68–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650309343407
Vogel, D. (2006). The market for virtue: The potential and limits of corporate social responsibility. Brookings Institution Press.
Werber, C. (2019). Roshan: The extraordinary story of the only B Corp in Afghanistan—Quartz at Work. Quartz at Work. Retrieved January 5, 2021, from https://qz.com/work/1765329/roshan-the-extraordinary-story-of-the-only-b-corp-in-afghanistan/
Whelan, G. (2012). The political perspective of corporate social responsibility: A critical research agenda. Business Ethics Quarterly, 22(04), 709–737. https://doi.org/10.5840/beq201222445
World Bank. (2016). Afghanistan development update. World Bank. Retrieved October 2, 2016, from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/953921468196145402/pdf/104871-WP-P158556-PUBLIC-AFG-Development-Update-April-2016-final.pdf.
Yin, R. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (4th ed.). Sage.
Ziaratjayee, J. (2015, September 20). Families of Slain Telecom Workers Demand Justice. Tolonews.com. Retrieved December 9, 2015, from http://www.tolonews.com/afghanistan/families-slain-telecom-workers-demand-justice.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author declares that there are no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Azizi, S. A National Governance Approach to the Political Nature and Role of Business: Case Study of the Mobile Telecommunications Industry in Afghanistan. J Bus Ethics 177, 843–860 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05101-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05101-5