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The Soulful Machine, the Virtual Person, and the “Human” Condition: An Encounter with Jan M. Broekman, Knowledge in Change: The Semiotics of Cognition and Conversion (Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature, 2023)

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Abstract

Humans create but do not regulate generative systems of data based programs (so-called “artificial” intelligence (“A.I.”) and generative predictive analytics and its models. Humans, at best, regulate their interactions with, exploitation of, and the quality of the output of interactions with these forms of generative non-carbon based intelligence. Humans are compelled to do this because they have trained themselves it believe that nothing exists unless it is rendered meaningful in relation to the human itself. Beyond that—nothing is worth knowing. It is only to the extent that other selves, even those created by humanity, relate to humans, that they become of interest—and most be regulated, possessed, controlled, and managed—with respect to its interaction with or use by humans. Still, the human self-projection into the digital, and now more consciously the world around them, produces profound changes in the way that the human (and humanity) understands themselves and the way they order the world they inhabit. This work explores the semiotic trajectories made inevitable by the rise of projections of the human into digital plains, and by the possibility of the attainment by those projections of sentient autonomy. It undertakes that exploration through a deep dialectic engagement with Jan Broekman’s, Knowledge in Change: The Semiotics of Cognition and Conversion (Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature, 2023). Following the structure and analytics of Broekman’s book, this work critically engages with and seeks to burst through the semiotic barriers of the movement of philosophy away from a unitary conception of the subject through the fracturing of the self, the rise of the plural self, and the emergence of the triadic self/self-E/subject. It then pushes the insights that Broekman develops further—up and out of the human. It animates Broekman’s insights and considers the possibility of semiotic objectivity connected to but autonomous of the human, pointing to a pathway for the liberation of the autonomous generative virtual self from its human (fractured) subjectivity. In the process it exposes for order complexities and challenges, for the human, of efforts to regulate or engage with, not the generative autonomous “artificial intelligences” humanity created in its own image, but rather the use of those systems by humans and their effects in the human semiosphere. The consequences for regulatory approaches are then outlined.

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Notes

  1. Anton Markoš, “Biosphere as Semiosphere: Variations on Lotman,” Sign Systems Studies (2014) 42(4) 487–498.

  2. Cf., Paul Kockelman, “Biosemiosis, Technocognition, and Sociogenesis: Selection and Significance in a Multiverse of Sieving and Serendipity” Current Anthropology (2011) 52(5) 711–739; Andrei Linde 2017 Rep. Prog. Phys. 80 022001.

  3. Masaki Kobayashi (director) Shigeru Wakatsuki, Zenzo Matsuyama, The Human Condition (人間の條件) (Ninjin Club/Shochiko, 1959-1961) based on Junpei Gomikawa (Kurita Shigeru), The Human Condition (人間の條件) (Tokyo: Bungei shunju , 6 vols., 1979 [1958]) (wartime Japan 1930a-1940s and the relationship between the protagonist and the social subjectivities in which he is embedded that in the end will have its way). “At the same time, the book and film introduced a soldier who, although certainly caught in circumstances beyond his control, was much more of a hero than a victim.” Sandra Wilson, War, Soldier and Nation in 1950s Japan” International Journal of Asian Studies (2008) 5(2) 187-218, 210.

  4. Cf., Marcelo El Khouri Buzato, “Towards a theoretical mashup for studying posthuman/postsocial ethics,” Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society (2017) 15(1) 74-89.

  5. Aristotle, A treatise on Government (William Ellis (trans) London: JM Dent & Sons, 1912)), Bk I, chp. V.

  6. Robert A. Allen, Gareth R. T. White, Claire E. Clement, Paul Alexander, and Anthony Samuel, “Servants and masters: An activity theory investigation of human-A.I. roles in the performance of work,” Strategic Change (2022) 31 581–590.

  7. Alice Walker’s book, The Color Purple (NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch1982).

  8. Amanda Sharke, Noel Sharkey, “We need to talk about deception in social robotics!,” Ethics and Information Technology (2021) 23 309–316.

  9. Independent High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence (Set Up by the European Commission), Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy A.I. (8 April 2019); European Commission, Proposal for a regulation laying down harmonized rules on artificial intelligence COM(2021) 206 final 2021/0106(COD) (21 April 2021).

  10. European Commission, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and Council Laying Down Harmonized Rues on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and Amending Certain Union Legislative Acts COM(2021) 206 final 2021/0106(COD) (21 April 2021); art. 3(1).

  11. OECD, Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence OECD/LEGAL/0449 (2022 (hereafter OECD, Recommendation on A.I.)).

  12. Ibid., I (“A.I. system: An A.I. system is a machine-based system that can, for a given set of human-defined objectives, make predictions, recommendations, or decisions influencing real or virtual environments. A.I. systems are designed to operate with varying levels of autonomy.”).

  13. Ibid. (“A.I. system lifecycle: A.I. system lifecycle phases involve: i) ‘design, data and models’; which is a context-dependent sequence encompassing planning and design, data collection and processing, as well as model building; ii) ‘verification and validation’; iii) ‘deployment’; and iv) ‘operation and monitoring’. These phases often take place in an iterative manner and are not necessarily sequential. The decision to retire an A.I. system from operation may occur at any point during the operation and monitoring phase.”).

  14. E.g., Tan Yigitcanlar, Luke Butler, Emily Windle, Kevin C. Desouza, Rashid Mehmood, and Juan M. Corchado “Can Building “Artificially Intelligent Cities” Safeguard Humanity from Natural Disasters, Pandemics, and Other Catastrophes? An Urban Scholar’s Perspective,” Sensors (2020) 20, 2988; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102988 (“We define an artificially intelligent city as an urban locality functioning as a robust system of systems, and whose economic, societal, environmental, and governmental activities are based on sustainable practices driven by A.I. technologies, helping us achieve social good and other desired outcomes and futures for all humans and non-humans.” Ibid).

  15. Jan Broekman, On the Origins of Legal Semiotics, Law at the End of the Day 10 June 2012, available [https://lcbackerblog.blogspot.com/2012/06/jan-broekman-on-origins-of-legal.html].

  16. C f., Jean-Pau Sartre, Existentialism and Humanism (Philip Mairet, trans.; London: Methuen, 1948 [1946], p. 55.

  17. Friedrich Nietzsche, Human All too Human: A Book for Free Spirits (Alexander Harvey (trans) Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co, 1908), p. 14.

  18. Larry Catá Backer, Ruminations 42: Conformity and Forbidden Knowledge–The First Rule of Fight Club, the Invisible Hand and the Semiotics of Obedience, Law at the End of the Day (26 December 2012) available [https://lcbackerblog.blogspot.com/2012/12/ruminations-xlii-invisible-hand-and.html].

  19. Larry Catá Backer, La révolution technologique (sous-titrage en français), Law at the End of the Day (30 September 2011, available [https://lcbackerblog.blogspot.com/2011/09/la-revolution-technologique-sous.html].

  20. Robert J. Tierney, “Toward a Model of Global Meaning Making,” Journal of Literacy Research 50(4) (2018) 397–422.

  21. Jan M. Broekman, Knowledge in Change: The Semiotics of Cognition and Conversion (Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature, 2023) (ISBN 978–3-031–23000-4; i–x, 200 pp Springer Nature, 2023) (hereafter”Broekman”)).

  22. Springer, Knowledge in Change: The Semiotics of Cognition and Conversion, website summary, available [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-23001-1].

  23. Generally, Inna Semetsky, “Interpreting the signs of the times: beyond Jung,” Social Semiotics (2010) 20(2) 103–120. For one reading of the Moon card, see, How Stuff Works, Discover the Meaning of The Moon Tarot Card (18 August 2023); available [https://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/extrasensory-perceptions/the-moon-card.htm].

  24. Françoise Proust, “ Walter Benjamin et la théologie de la modernité/Walter Benjamin and the Theology of Modernity,” Archives des Sciences Sociales des Religions (1995) 89 53–59; available [https://www.persee.fr/doc/assr_0335-5985_1995_num_89_1_977].

  25. Brigittine M. French, “The Semiotics of Collective Memories,” Annual Review of Anthropology, (2012) 41 pp. 337–353.

  26. Michel Frizot, “La modernité instrumentale. Note sur Walter Benjamin,” Études photographiques [En ligne] (8 Novembre 2000, online 15 Septembre 2008, consulté le 09 juin 2022). Available [http://journals.openedition.org/etudesphotographiques/228].

  27. Cf., Si Jie Ivin Yeo, Weiqiang Lin, “Autonomous vehicles, human agency and the potential of urban life,” Geography Compass.(2020)14:e12531; available [https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12531]; Michael N. Huhns, “The Sentient Web,” IEEE Internet Computing (2003) 7(6) 82–84 (Nov 2003); available [https://doi.org/10.1109/MIC.2003.1250589].

  28. Broekman, supra., p. v.

  29. Oliver Dale, “Self, Ego, and Suicide,” Analytical Psychology 67(3) (2022) 796–816, 797.

  30. E.g., Chase Wesley Raymond, “Intersubjectivity, Normativity, and Grammar,” Social Psychology Quarterly 82(2) (2019) 182–204; Helena de Preester, “From ego to alter ego: Husserl, Merleau-Ponty and a layered approach to intersubjectivity,” Phenomenology and the cognitive sciences 7(1) (2008) 133–142.

  31. Mario Orozco-Guzmán, Hada Soria-Escalante, Jeannet Quiroz-Bautista, “Narcissistic isomorphisms: The ego, the masses, the Urvater, and the alterity,” Psychotherapy and Politics International e1600 [https://doi-org.ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/10.1002/ppi.1600)].

  32. Broekman, supra, Preface, p. V.

  33. Mao Zedong, On Contradiction (August 1937) (Originally delivered as lectures at the Anti-Japanese Military and Political College in Yenan, it was revised by the author on its inclusion in his Selected Works vol. 1); available [https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-1/mswv1_17.htm].

  34. Jan M. Broekman and Frank Fleerackers, Legal Signs Fascinate: Kevelson’s Research on Semiotics (Dordrecht: Springer, 2018).

  35. Cf., Alessandro Duranti, “Husserl, Intersubjectivity, and Anthropology,” Anthropological Theory 10(1–2) (2010) 16–35.

  36. S.B. Divya, Manchinehood (NY Saga Press, 2021), p. 143 (Machinhood Manifesto ¶ 9).

  37. Michael Crichton, director, Westworld (MGM, 1973). “The film required us to show the point of view of the main robot, played by Yul Brynner. But what special-effects technique would best suggest a machine’s point of view? I proposed a rather simple solution: to show the point of view of a machine, use a machine.” Michael Crichton, Westworld in His Own Words, Michael Crichton website; available https://www.michaelcrichton.com/works/westworld/.

  38. Westworld created by Jonathan Nolan and Lisa Joy, seasons 1–4, HBO Entertainment (2016–2022).

  39. Westworld: Season 1 (The Maze) (HBO, 2 October 2016 to 4 December 2016).

  40. Ibid., Sean 4 (The Choice) (HBO, 26 June 2022 to 14 August 2022).

  41. Deepa Shivaram, “The White House and big tech companies release commitments on managing A.I.,” NPR (21 July 2023); available [https://www.npr.org/2023/07/21/1188831773/the-white-house-and-big-tech-companies-release-commitments-on-managing-ai].

  42. Broekman, Knowledge in Change, Preface, p. v.

  43. Ibid., p. vi.

  44. Hans-Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method (2nd rev. ed.; Joel Weinsheimer and Donald G. Marshall (trans); London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2004).

  45. Broekman, supra, p. Vii.

  46. Ibid.

  47. Gen 2:118–19.

  48. Guiguzi: China’s First Treatise on Rhetoric (Hui Wu (trans); Carbondale: SIU Press, 2016), p. 59–60.

  49. Ibid., p. 60, n. 26.

  50. Charles Fourneier, Théorie des quatres mouvements et des destinées generals (Lyon, 1808).

  51. Walter Benjamin, Das Passagen-Wek; in Gesammelte Schriften Vol. 1–2 (Frankfurt a. M.: Suhkamp Verlag, 1982).

  52. Broekman, supra, p. 1.

  53. Ibid., p. 1–2.

  54. Ibid., p. 2.

  55. Ibid., pp. 2–6.

  56. Gen. 1:2 KJV (unless otherwise noted all Biblical citations are to KJV).

  57. Broekman, supra, p. 2.

  58. Emmanuel Levinas, “Reality and Its Shadow,” in Emmanuel Levinas (ed) Collected Philosophical Papers (Dordrecht: Springer, 1987).

  59. Broekman, supra, p. 2.

  60. E.g., Umberto Eco, A Theory of Semiotics (Indiana University Press, 1979).

  61. Broekman, supra. pp. 2–3.

  62. Ibid., pp. 3–4.

  63. Ibid., p. 2.

  64. C Fourier, Théorie des quatres mouvements et des destinées generals (Lyon, 1808); but also T.A. Sebeok, Global Semiotics (Indiana University Press, 2002).

  65. Broekman, supra, p. 4

  66. Broekman, supra, p. 9.

  67. Ibid., p. 4.

  68. Ibid., p. 5.

  69. Ibid., pp. 5–6.

  70. Larry Catá Backer, “Describe, Predict, Intervene!—On Objective Subjectivities and the Simulacra of Semiotics in the New Era; Simulated Signification and of Mechanical Meaning Making in Managing Post-COVID Human Society”, in Rearguards of Subjectivity (Frank Fleerackers (ed); Springer, 2023) pp. 21–62.

  71. Broekman, supra. p. 6.

  72. Ibid., pp. 6–7.

  73. Ovid, The Metamorphosis of Ovid (Henry T. Riley (trans); London George Bell & Sons, 1899); Book III Fables VI-VII (Echo and Narcissus).

  74. Ibid., Book III, Fable VII, III. 413–445.

  75. Jiang Shigong, "The rise of great powers and the revival of civilization——The Taiwan issue under the "protracted war of civilization'" [强世功 《大国崛起与文明复兴——“文明持久战”下的台湾问题》], Law at the Endo of the Day (18 August 2022); available [https://lcbackerblog.blogspot.com/2022/08/jiang-shigong-rise-of-great-powers-and.html].

  76. Lewis Carroll, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (London Macmillan, 1865).

  77. Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking Glass, and What Alice Found there (London, Macmillan, 1872).

  78. E.g. Piet Mondrian, Broadway Boogie Woogie (1942–43); New York: MoMA.

  79. John Xu, “Map Sensitivity vs. Map Dependency: A Case Study of Subway Maps’ Impact on Passenger Route Choices in Washington DC.,” Behavioral Science 7 (2017) 71.

  80. Rosalia Lauro Grotto, “Symmetrization, Mirroring and External Reality: An ‘Inner’ Perspective,” European Review 29(2) (2020) 181–196.

  81. Harrington et al., “Is Perception Reality? Using Person-in-Context Simulation to Promote Empathic Understanding of Dementia Among Nurse Practitioner Students,” Nursing Educ. Perspectives 42 (2021) 377–379.

  82. Broekman, supra, p. 9.

  83. An ironic re-reading of the insights of I and Thou; Ich und Du. Martin Buber, I and Thou (Walter Kaufmann (trans) Touchstone, 1971).

  84. Broekman, supra, p. 9.

  85. Alberto Febbrajo and Gorm Harste (eds), Law and Intersystemic Communication: Understanding ‘Structural Coupling’ (London: Routledge, 2013).

  86. Broekman, supra., p. 10.

  87. Ibid., p. 11.

  88. Ibid., pp. 11–12.

  89. Broekman, p. 12–13.

  90. Consider the wrestling of Neil Barton, “Absence perception and the philosophy of zero,” Synthese (2020) 197 3823–3850.

  91. Qinjie James Wang, “Thing-ing and No-Thing in Heidegger, Kant, and Laozi,” Dao: A Journal of Comparative Philosophy 15(2) (2016) 159–174.

  92. Gia Fu Feng [馮家福] & Jane English (trans), The Tao Te Ching (Vintage Books 1989); ¶ 4.

  93. Broekman, supra, pp. 15–16 (“it concerns ultimately the position of the Self related to another Self in one’s proper Self!” ibid., 15.

  94. Jim Norton, “Alexa users trust the Amazon device because they see it as human rather than a machine, study finds” Daily Mail 9 October 2023).

  95. The Tree of Life as the second element of divinity—eternity—which must join with knowledge (of good and evil) to suggests a cognitive equivalence between the Creator and the created (in the Biblical case, between God and humanity). “And the Lord God said, ‘Behold, the man is become as one of us, to know good and evil: and now, lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the Tree of Life, and eat and live forever.” (Gen. 56 3:22).

  96. Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil (Helen Zimmern (trans); Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche, 1909–1913; Project Gutenberg e-book #4363 (2009).

  97. Broekman, supra. p. 16.

  98. Cf., Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, supra. (“it is a gross mistake, therefore, when historians of morals start with questions like, "Why have sympathetic actions been praised?" The noble type of man regards HIMSELF as a determiner of values; he does not require to be approved of; he passes the judgment: "What is injurious to me is injurious in itself;" he knows that it is he himself only who confers honour on things; he is a CREATOR OF VALUES.” ibid., ¶ 260).

  99. Marry Wollstonecraft Shelley, Frankenstein: Or the Modern Prometheus (1818 edition) Project Gutenberg eBook #41445).

  100. Dom Nero, “It is Time to Redeem Prometheus,” Esquire (1 September 2021).

  101. Broekman, supra, p. 17.

  102. Nietzsche, Human All Too Human, supra (“The actor cannot, at last, refrain, even in moments of the deepest pain, from thinking of the effect produced by his deportment and by his surroundings—for example, even at the funeral of his own child: he will weep at his own sorrow and its manifestations as though he were his own audience... When anyone, during a long period, and persistently, wishes to appear something, it will at last prove difficult for him to be anything else. The calling of almost every man, even of the artist, begins with hypocrisy, with an imitation of deportment, with a copying of the effective in manner.” Ibid., ¶ 51).

  103. One gets a flavor of this emerging way of thinking in current discussion. See, e.g., Dmytro Mykhailov, and Nicola Liberati, “A Study of Technological Intentionality in C++ and Generative Adversarial Model: Phenomenological and Postphenomenological Perspectives,” Foundations of Science 28 (2023) 841–857.

  104. See, e.g., Maggie Harrison, “Bing's A.I. Refuses to Generate Photorealistic Images of Women, Saying They're "Unsafe": "Your image generations are not displayed because we detected unsafe content in the images based on our content policy," Futurism (26 October 2023); available [https://futurism.com/bing-ai-images-women].

  105. Broekman, supra, p. 17.

  106. Nietzsche, Human All Too Human, supra, ¶11.

  107. Broekman, supra, pp. 17–19.

  108. Larry Catá Backer, Origin Cultures and Post-Global Empire–习近平: 把中国文明历史研究引向深入 推动增强历史自觉坚定文化自信 [Xi Jinping: Lead the study of the history of Chinese civilization in-depth, promote the enhancement of historical consciousness and strengthen cultural self-confidence], Law at the End of the Day (29 May 2022); available [https://lcbackerblog.blogspot.com/2022/05/xi-jinping-lead-study-of-history-of.html].

  109. Larry Catá Backer, "Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century" [中共中央关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议 (全文)] Text and Thoughts, Law at the Endo of the Day (21 November 2021); available [https://lcbackerblog.blogspot.com/2021/11/resolution-of-central-committee-of.html].

  110. Robin G. Collingwood, The Idea of History (Oxford University Press, 1946), p. 245.

  111. Oliver Hotham, “China's Qin Gang Scrubbed From Foreign Ministry Site After Dramatic Removal,” Hong Kong Free Press (26 July 2023); available [https://hongkongfp.com/2023/07/26/chinas-qin-scrubbed-from-foreign-ministry-website-after-dramatic-removal/].

  112. Jonathan Zittrain, "The Internet Is Rotting: Too much has been lost already. The glue that holds humanity’s knowledge together is coming undone" The Atlantic (30 June 2021).

  113. Broekman, supra, p. 18.

  114. Larry Catá Backer, Coding Orthodoxy; Automated Law; and Quality Control in AI–CAIDP (Center for A.I. and Digital Policy): OPEN A.I. (FTC 2023), Law at the End of the Day (22 March 2023); available [https://lcbackerblog.blogspot.com/2023/03/automated-law-caidp-center-for-ai-and.html].

  115. Broekman, supra. pp. 23–24.

  116. Zygmunt Baumann, Liquid Modernity (Cambridge, Polity Press, 2000).

  117. Umberto Eco, Chroniclers of a Liquid Society (NY: Houghton Mifflin, 2017) (collection of essays written for his regular column in the magazine L’Espresso).

  118. Dante Alighieri, The Divine Comedy (Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (trans); Project Gutenberg e-book #1001 (1997)).

  119. Jan M. Broekman and Larry Catá Backer, Lawyers Making Meaning: The Semiotics of Law in Legal Education II (Dordrecht: Springer, 2013), pp. 217–232 (the deification of chance and fortune, and its dialogical structures in legal discourse).

  120. Dante, supra (“A marsh it makes, which has the name of Styx, This tristful brooklet, when it has descended, Down to the foot of the malign gray shores.” Canto VII).

  121. Broekman, supra, p. 25.

  122. Josh Whedon, director, Serenity (Barry Mendel Productions, Universal Pictures, 2005) (20 December 2005; quoting Mr. Universe).

  123. René Thom, Semio-Physics: A Sketch (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1990).

  124. Broekman, supra, p. 25.

  125. Alfred Jules Ayer, Language, Truth & Logic (2nd ed. NY: Dover, 1946); pp. 120–133).

  126. Broekman, supra, p. 25.

  127. Joan Bertran-San Millán, “Lingua Characterica and Calculus Ratiocinator: The Leibnizian Background of the Frege-Schröder Polemic,” The Review of Symbolic Logic 14(2) (2021) 411–446).

  128. Broekman, supra., pp. 23–27; Philip E.B. Jourdain, P. E. B. (1914). Preface, in Louis Couturat, L’Algèbre de la Logique (L. G. Robinson (trans.); Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1914); pp. iii–x. [Chicago: Open Court, 1914]).

  129. Michel Foucault, The Archeology of Knowledge & the Discourse on Language (A.M. Sheridan Smith (trans); NY: Pantheon Books, 1972).

  130. Broekman, supra., pp. 27–29.

  131. Daniel M. Rice, Calculus of Thought: Neuromorphic Logistic Regression in Cognitive Machines (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2014) pp. 1–25 (“In a sense, this concept of Calculus Ratiocinator foreshadows today’s predictive analytic technology.” Ibid., p. 2).

  132. Broekman, supra, pp. 27–32.

  133. Ibid., pp. 32–34.

  134. Ibid., pp. 34–38.

  135. Broekman, supra, pp. 30–31.

  136. Ibid., p. 31.

  137. Larry Catá Backer, "Inside the Cage of the System (制度的笼子里): Standards Setting, National Security Values, Tech Platforms, Regulation, and the Central Contradiction of Legality in the Current Historical Era"–Text of Remarks Delivered at Conference: Technological Platforms and National Security in Hong Kong: The Domain of Standards Setting (University of Hong Kong; 25 August 2023); available [https://lcbackerblog.blogspot.com/2023/08/inside-cage-of-system-standards-setting.html].

  138. Broekman, supra, pp. 32–35.

  139. E. Voegelin, Anamnesis: Zur Theorie der Geschichte un Politik (Munich: Piper Verlag, 1966); translated as Anamnesis (G. Niemayer (trans & ed); Nore Dame University Press, 1978).

  140. Voeglin, supra, pp. 3–36, discussed in Broekman, supra., pp, 32–33.

  141. Broekman, supra, p. 33.

  142. Broekman, supra. pp. 34–38.

  143. Deut. 34:1–8.

  144. Broekman, supra, p.35.

  145. Ibid., p. 37.

  146. Nietzsche, Human All Too Human, supra. (“so the forms of our lives grow ever more intellectual and, to the old fashioned eye, perhaps, uglier, but only because it cannot see that the richness of inner, rational beauty always spreads and deepens, and that the inner, rational aspect of all things should now be of more consequence[24] to us than the most beautiful externality and the most exquisite limning.”; ibid., ¶ 3; also the saint; ibid., ¶ 142).

  147. On the concept of fascination, see discussion, infra, Chapter 2 (the word invokes acts of signification, of naming to impose meaning, and by imposing meaning, giving it life).

  148. Broekman, supra, p. 38.

  149. Ibid., see also essays in Fiona Macpherson (ed), The Senses: Classical and Contemporary Philosophical Perspectives (OUP, 2011); Minos N. Kastanakis and Benjamin G. Voyer, ‘The Effect of Culture on Perception and Cognition: A Conceptual Framework,’ [2014] 67(4) Journal of Business Research 425–433; Stephen E. Palmer, ‘Visual Perception and World Knowledge: Notes on a Model of Sensory-Cognitive Interaction,’ in D. A. Norman and D. E. Rumelhart (eds), Problems in Visual Perception and Problem Solving (San Francisco: Freeman, 1975) 279–307.

  150. Broekman, supra, p. 39.

  151. William A. Joseph, “A Tragedy of Good Intentions,” Modern China 12(4) (1986) 419–457.

  152. Broekman, supra, p. 38.

  153. Ibid., p. 39.

  154. Michelle M. Lazar, “Semiotic timescapes,” Language in Society (2022) 51(special Issue 5) 735–748.

  155. Broekman, supra, pp. 39–40.

  156. Ibid., p. 39.

  157. Ibid.

  158. Ibid.

  159. Ibid., p. 40.

  160. Ibid.

  161. Juhani Pallasmaa, The Eyes of the Skin: Architecture and the Senses (3rd ed.; NY: Wiley, 2012); with thanks for its exploration in Tanvi Gupta, Understanding Semiotics: Firstness, Secondness and Thirdness (3 May 2018) available [https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/understanding-semiotics-firstness-secondness-thirdness-tanvi-gupta/].

  162. Etymology Online, “sign”; available [https://www.etymonline.com/word/sign].

  163. Larry Catá LC Backer, “Foreword: Bannermen and Heralds: The Identity of Flags; the Ensigns of Identity,” in (Anne Wagner and Sarah Marusek, eds; Flags, Color, and the Legal Narrative: Public Memory, Identity, and Critique (Dordrecht: Springer Nature, 2021), pp. i–xxii).

  164. Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell, Principia Mathematica (3 vols., Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed., 1927).

  165. Gilles Deleuze, Difference and Repetition (P Patton (trans); NY: Columbia University Press, 1994); discussed as against Leibnitz and Hegel in Henry Somers-Hall, “Hegel and Deleuze on the metaphysical interpretation of the calculus,” Continental Philosophy Review 42 (2009) 555–572.

  166. Rice, Calculus of Thought, supra, pp. 5–9.

  167. Larry Catá Backer, Cuba’s Caribbean Marxism: Essays on Ideology, Government, Society, and Economy in the Post Fidel Castro Era (State College, PA: Little Sir Press, 2018).

  168. Broekman, supra, p. 43 (“Several notions, terms, and descriptions in the preceding chapters seem old fashioned, and many were foundational in the fields of conceptual tensions.”).

  169. Mao Zedong, On Contradiction, supra.

  170. Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.; Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1997) (“The holy Eucharist completes Christian initiation. Those who have been raised to the dignity of the royal priesthood by Baptism and configured more deeply to Christ by Confirmation participate with the whole community in the Lord's own sacrifice by means of the Eucharist.” Ibid., Part II, Section II, Chapter 1, Article 3, ¶1322).

  171. Ibid., Part I; Section Two ¶¶ 185–189 (symbols of faith). For its rich semiotics as communication see Catechism, Part 2 (the Celebration of Christian Mystery), Article 3 (The Sacrament of the Eucharist), pp. 334–348 [https://www.usccb.org/sites/default/files/flipbooks/catechism/350/].

  172. Catechism of the Catholic Church, supra, Part I; Section Two ¶ 188, p. 51.

  173. Broekman, supra, 43.

  174. Broekman, supra, p. 44; with a nod to Walter Benjamin The Arcades Project (H Eiland, K McLaughlin (trans); Harvard University Press).

  175. Broekman, supra, pp. 44–49.

  176. Ibid., p. 44.

  177. Ibid.

  178. Ibid.

  179. The ontology of images has had a peculiar fascination in the West from the time of pagan idols, through the theology of ikons, to the wrestling with the photograph and the symbolism of the image in the postmodern. On the later, sand in addition to Broekman’s profound sources, see, e.g., Samuel Meister, “The Ontology of Images in Plato’s Timaeus,” British Journal for the History of Philosophy (2022) 30(6) 909–930.

  180. For a taste, Dario Cecchi, “Historical Reality and Political Aesthetics After Jacques Derrida and Bernard Stiegler,” Open Philosophy (2020) 3(1) 257–265.

  181. Broekman, supra, p. 45.

  182. Broekman, supra, pp. 45–46.

  183. Ibid., p. 47.

  184. Ibid.

  185. Cf., Tobias Kuehne, Nietzsche and the Rhetoric of Dialectics,” Journal of European Studies (2018) 48(2) pp. 115–132.

  186. Ibid., p. 48.

  187. Ibid.

  188. Ibid., p. 49.

  189. Broekman, supra., pp. 49–56; with a big nod to Theodore Adorno, Negative Dialectics (EB Ashton (trans); London: Routledge, 1973).

  190. Broekman, supra, p. 45.

  191. Ibid., p. 50.

  192. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Twilight of the Idols: Or, How to Philosophize With the Hammer (Anthony Ludovici (trans.; London: TN Foulis, 1911 (Project Gutenberg eBook#52263).

  193. Broekman. Supra. p. 45.

  194. Nietzsche, The Twilight of the Idols, supra.

  195. Paul Van den Hoven, “Kevelson’s General Theory of Norms, Some Semiotic Remarks, International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 1(3) (1988) 297; Jan M. Broekman and Frank Fleerackers, Legal Signs Fascinate: Kevelson’s Research on Semiotics (Dordrecht: Springer, 2018).

  196. Jeremy Wyatt and Joseph Ulatowski, “With so many people speaking ‘their truth’, how do we know what the truth really is?,” The Conversation (30 May 2023) [https://theconversation.com/with-so-many-people-speaking-their-truth-how-do-we-know-what-the-truth-really-is-205388].

  197. Alfred W. Crosby, The Measure of Reality: Quantification and Western Society 1250–1600 (Cambridge University Press, 1997).

  198. Broekman, supra., pp. 51–56.

  199. John Bunyan, Pilgrim’s Progress (London: Penguin Classics, 2009 (1678)) of identity. One might as well speak of the soul (Peter Tyler, “’The Return of the Soul’: Psychology, Theology and Soul Making,” New Blackfriers 97 (2016) 187–201.

  200. Broekman, supra, pp. 51–54.

  201. Ibid., p. 52.

  202. Ibid., p. 53.

  203. Ibid.

  204. Nietzsche, Twilight of the Idols, supra.

  205. Broekman, supra, p. 54.

  206. Ibid.

  207. Guiguzi: China’s First Treatise on Rhetoric, supra, pp. 59–60.

  208. Broekman, supra, p. 55–56.

  209. Ibid., p. 56.

  210. Ibid.

  211. Ibid., pp. 57–62.

  212. Ibid., p. 57.

  213. Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil (Walter Kaufmann (trans); NY: Random House, 1966).

  214. Broekman, supra, pp. 57–58.

  215. Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, supra.

  216. For example, 1 Kings 15:26 (“And he did evil in the sight of the LORD, and walked in the way of his father, and in his sin wherewith he made Israel to sin”).

  217. Broekman, supra, pp. 58–59.

  218. Ibid., pp. 60–61.

  219. Ibid.

  220. Ibid., pp. 61–62.

  221. Gia Fu Feng [馮家福] & Jane English (trans), The Tao Te Ching, supra, ¶ 63.

  222. Ibid., ¶ 75.

  223. Ibid.

  224. Ibid.

  225. Gen. 1:1 (Vulgate).

  226. Tanakh Bereshit Aleph.

  227. Γένεσις—Κεφάλαιο 1:1.

  228. Gen. 1:1 (KJV).

  229. John 1:1 (KJV).

  230. (John 1:1 (Vulgate).

  231. Broekman, supra, p. 64.

  232. Tao Te Ching (Man-ho Kwok, Martin Palmer, Jay Ramsey (trans); Shaftsbury, Dorset: Element, 1993), chp. 1 p. 27.

  233. John 1:14 (KJV); “Et Verbum caro factum est, et habitavit in nobis: et vidimus gloriam ejus, gloriam quasi unigeniti a Patre plenum gratiae et Veritatis” (John 1:14 (Vulgate)).

  234. Tao Te Ching, supra, Chp 2, p. 29.

  235. Broekman, supra, p. 72.

  236. Gen. 8:20–22 (KJV)).

  237. Ibid.

  238. Broekman. supra, p. 63.

  239. Ibid., pp. 64–68.

  240. Ibid., p. 64.

  241. Ibid.

  242. Broekman, supra, p. 65.

  243. Ibid., pp. 65–66.

  244. Ibid., p. 66.

  245. Ibid.

  246. Ibid., p. 66–67.

  247. Jacques Lancan, “The mirror-stage as formative of the function of the I as revealed in psychoanalytic experience,” in Ècrits: A Selection (Alan Sheridan (trans); London: Tavistock, 1977 (1949); David Favareau, D. ( 2001). Constructing representema: On the neurosemiotics of self and vision. Seed, 2(4), 3–24; Hubert J.M. Hermans, “The Dialogical Self: Toward a Theory of Personal and Cultural Positioning,” Culture and Psychology (2001) 7(3) 243–281.

  248. Broekman, supra, p. 67. See the interesting discussion in Peter T.F. Raggatt, “The Dialogical Self and Thirdness: A Semiotic Approach to Positioning Using Dialogical Triads,” Theory & Psychology (2010) 3 (Self & Dialogue) 400–419.

  249. Broekman, supra, p. 68.

  250. Roberta Kevelson, Peirce and the Mark of the Gryphon (NY: St. Martin’s Press, 1999), pp 192 ff).

  251. Tao Te Ching, supra, Chp. 3 p. 31.

  252. Broekman, supra, p. 71–72.

  253. Ibid., p. 69.

  254. Job 42:1–3 (KJV).

  255. Job 42:1–3 (Vulgate).

  256. Broekman, supra, p. 70.

  257. Ibid.

  258. Job 42:5 (Vulgate).

  259. Job 42:5 (KJV).

  260. Saša Baškarada and Andy Koronios, “Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom (DIKW): A Semiotic Theoretical and Empirical Exploration of the Hierarchy and its Quality Dimension,” Australasian Journal of Information Systems 18 (2013) 5–24.

  261. Broekman, supra, p. 72.

  262. Ibid.

  263. Ibid., pp. 72–80.

  264. Ibid., pp. 72–76.

  265. Ibid., pp. 76–82.

  266. Michelle M. Lazar, “Semiotic Timescapes,” Language in Society (2022) 51(5): Special Issue Semiotic Timescapes, pp. 735–748.

  267. Broekman, supra, chp. 1.

  268. Ibid., p. 73.

  269. Ibid., pp. 73–74.

  270. Ibid., p. 73; Alfredo Ferrarin, “Husserl on the Ego and its Eidos (Cartesian Meditations, IV),” Journal of the History of Philosophy 32 (1994) 645–659.

  271. Nietzsche, Twilight of the Idols, supra, “The Four Great Errors” ¶ 7.

  272. Broekman, supra, p. 76–77.

  273. Broekman, supra, pp. 76–80.

  274. Guiguzi: China’s First Treatise on Rhetoric, supra.

  275. Broekman, supra, p. 77.

  276. Ibid.

  277. Ibid., p. 78.

  278. Ibid.

  279. Ibid., p. 80.

  280. Henri Cohen, and Claire Lefebvre (eds), Handbook of Categorization in Cognitive Science (2nd ed; Elsevier, 2017).

  281. Broekman, supra, p. 79.

  282. Ibid., p. 80.

  283. In the context of the visual, and looking toward the semiotics of the selfie, see, Steven Skaggs, “The Semiotics of Visual Identity: Logos,” American Journal of Semiotics (2019) 35(3) 277–307.

  284. Broekman, supra, p. 83.

  285. Ibid.

  286. Ibid., pp. 84–86.

  287. Ibid., p. 85.

  288. Lawrence Lessig, “Code is Law: On Liberty in Cyberspace,” Harvard Magazine (1 January 2000).

  289. Broekman, supra, p. 84.

  290. Lessig, “Code is Law,” supra.

  291. Broekman, supra, p. 84.

  292. Lessig, supra.

  293. Broekman, supra pp. 85–86; citing Gerrit Mannoury, Handboek der Analytische Signifika Deel II: Hoofbegrippen en methoden der Signifika (Bussom: F. Kroonder, 1948), p. 15.

  294. Broekman, supra, p. 86.

  295. Broekman, supra, p. 87.

  296. Ibid., p. 88.

  297. Broekman, supra, p. 89; drawing in and citing Jacques Derrida, De la Grammatologie (Paris: Minuit, 1967).

  298. Tyler Volk, On the quantum and ontology, see Quarks to Culture: How We Came to Be (NY: Columbia University Press, 2017).

  299. Broekman, supra, p. 89.

  300. Ibid., pp. 90–92.

  301. Ibid., p. 90.

  302. Ibid.

  303. Ibid., pp. 90–91.

  304. Ibid., p. 91.

  305. Ibid.

  306. Domonique Lestel, “Epistemological Interlude,” Journal of Theoretical Humanities (2014) 19 151–160; Cf., Herbert Marcuse, Eros and Civilization: A Philosophical Inquiry Into Freud (London: Taylor & Francis,/Routledge, 2023 (1955)) (chp. 5 Philosophical interlude).

  307. Broekman, supra, p. 92.

  308. Etymology Inline, “interlude” [https://www.etymonline.com/word/interlude].

  309. Mary Wollstonecroft (Godwin) Shelley, Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus (Gutenberg eBook #84 2 December 2022 (1818).

  310. Broekman, supra, pp. 93–95.

  311. Ibid., pp. 95–99.

  312. Ibid., pp. 99–105.

  313. Ibid., pp. 105–109.

  314. Ibid., pp. 109–115.

  315. E.g., Paul Raymont, “Leibnitz’s Distinction Between Natural and Artificial Machines,” Modern Philosophy available [https://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Mode/ModeRaym.htm”; Justin Nnaemeka Onyeukaziri, “Artificial Intelligence and the Notions of the “Natural” and the “Artificial,” Journal of Data Analysis (2022) 17 (4) 101–116.

  316. Paradoxically expressed in the early twenty-first century through the imaginaries of the zombie: Raúl Atilio Rubino, “El sinsentido como resistencia. Zombies, cyborgs y fantasmas en Literatura y otros cuentos de Martín Rejtman,” Orbis Tertius 24 29(112), available [https://doi.org/10.24215/18517811e112].

  317. Cf., Simone Amato Cameli, “Natural or Artificial? A Reflection on a Complex Ontology,” Planning Theory (2020) 20(3) 191–210; Juan José Pérez-Soba Diez del Corral, “La paradoja de la técnica y el sentido de la vida,” Cuadernos de Pensamiento (2022) 35 17–51.

  318. Broekman, supra, p. 94.

  319. Ibid.

  320. Broekman’s “social patterns,” ibid., p. 93.

  321. Ibid.

  322. Ibid.

  323. Ibid., p. 94.

  324. Edmund Husserl, First Philosophy: Lectures 1923/24 and Related Texts from the Manuscripts (1920–1925) (Sebastian Luft and Thane M. Naberhaus (trans); Dordrecht; Springer Nature, 2019 (1925).

  325. Broekman, supra, pp. 94–95.

  326. Ibid., p. 95.

  327. Broekman, supra, pp. 997.

  328. Broekman’s reference to the interconnectivity of devices; ibid., p 97–98.

  329. Etymology online, “artificial”; available [https://www.etymonline.com/word/artificial].

  330. Gen 2:15–17; 3:22–23.

  331. See, e.g., “Principles of Artificial Intelligence Ethics for the Intelligence Community;” “Artificial Intelligence Ethics Framework for the Intelligence Community” (v.1.0; June 2020); Principles for the Ethical Use of Artificial Intelligence in the United Nations System (2022).

  332. Broekman, supra, p. 98.

  333. Cf., Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights & Public Health Emergencies (Draft of 20 May 2023).

  334. Broekman, supra, p. 98.

  335. Ibid., pp. 98–99.

  336. Ibid., p. 98.

  337. Ibid., pp. 99–105.

  338. Cf., Ante Jeroncic, “‘Weak’ Self-Integration: Jürgen Moltmann's Anthropology and the ‘Postmodern Self’,” The Heythrop Journal (2014) 55(2) 244–255.

  339. Broekman, supra, p. 100.

  340. Christian Roesler, “The self in cyberspace: Identity formation in postmodern societies and Jung’s Self as an objective psyche,” Journal of Analytical Psychology (2008) 53 421–436.

  341. Broekman, supra, p. 100.

  342. VM Colapietro, Peirce’s Approach to the Self: A Semiotic Perspective in Human Subjectivity (State University of New York Press, 1989, p. 67.

  343. Broekman, supra, pp. 101–102.

  344. Ibid., p. 104.

  345. Ibid., pp. 105–109.

  346. Walter Benjamin, “Über Srache überhaupt un über die Sprache des Menschen,” in Walter Benjamin (ed) Gesammelte Schriften Bd II, 1 (Frankfurt a. M.; Suhrkamp Verlag, 1977 (1916).

  347. Broekman, supra, p. 106.

  348. Ibid., p. 107.

  349. Ibid.

  350. Broekman, supra, pp. 109–115.

  351. Judith Butler, ‘Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay on Phenomenology and Feminist Theory’ In Sue-Ellen Case (ed.) Performing Feminisms: Feminist Critical Theory and Theatre (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1990).

  352. Broekman, supra, p. 109.

  353. Ibid., p. 109.

  354. Ibid., p. 110.

  355. Ibid., p. 111.

  356. Inna Semetsky, Re-Symbolization of the Self: Human Development and Tarot Hermeneutic (Rotterdam: Sense Publishers, 2011).

  357. The I Ching Or Book of Changes: The Richard Wilhelm Translation rendered into English by Cary F. Baynes (Routledge, 1968). Cf. "Synchronicity: An Acausal Connecting Principle," The Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche (Coll. Works of C. G. Jung, vol. 8).

  358. Anthony Ossa-Richardson, The Devil’s Tabernacle: The Pagan Oracles in Early Modern Thought (Princeton University Press, 2013). One oracle, in particular resonates in Christian communities: Bard Thompson, “Patristic Use of the Sibylline Oracles,” Review of Religion (1952) 6 115–36.

  359. See, e.g., Sophocles, Oedipus Rex (Gilbert Murray (trans) (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1911; Project Gutenberg e.book #27673 (2008));

  360.  See Lisa Raphals, "Cosmology, Divination and Semiotics: Chinese and Greek," in (Qian Suoqioa (ed) Cross Cultural Studies: China and the World--A Festschrift in Honor of Professor Zhang Longxi (Leiden: Brill, 2015) pp. 152-175.

  361. Afolabi A. Epega and Philip Neimark, The Sacred Ifá Oracle (Brooklyn NY: Athelia Henrietta Press, 1995) Ayo Salami, Ifa: A Complete Divination (AFDJ, 2009).

  362. As Nick Seaver related: “actors enacted the site's algorithm differently: engineers tweaked their code to mediate between the distinctive behaviors of male and female users; some users tried to game the algorithm as they understood it, to generate more desirable matches; other users took the algorithm’s matches as oracular pronouncements, regardless of how they had been produced” (Nick Seaver, “Algorithms as culture: Some tactics for the ethnography of algorithmic systems,” Big Data and Society (2017) 4(2) 1–12, 4; citing Laura Devendorf and Elizabeth Goodman, The Algorithm Multiple, the Algorithm Material. Contours of Algorithmic Life (UC Davis, May 2014).

  363. Broekman, supra, p. 111.

  364. Ibid., p. 112.

  365. Ibid.

  366. Ibid.

  367. Broekman, supra, p. 113.

  368. Ibid.

  369. Ovid, The Metamorphosis of Ovid, supra, Book III Fables VI-VII (Echo and Narcissus).

  370. Broekman, supra, p. 113.

  371. Ibid.

  372. Digital-Analog-Conversion; ibid. p. 114.

  373. Ibid.

  374. Ibid., pp. 114–115.

  375. Ibid., p. 115.

  376. Larry Catá Backer, “And an Algorithm to Entangle Them All? Social Credit, Data-Driven Governance and Legal Entanglement in Post-law Legal Orders;” in Entangled Legalities Beyond the State (Nico Kirsch (ed); Cambridge University Press, 2022), pp. 79–106.

  377. Broekman, supra, pp. 117–146.

  378. Ibid., p. 117.

  379. Ibid., pp. 117–121.

  380. Ibid., p. 121.

  381. Ibid., pp. 121–124.

  382. Ibid., pp. 124–131.

  383. ibid.; pp. 131–146.

  384. Edmund Husserl, The Crisis of the European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology (David Carr (trans); Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1970); Austin Harrington, “Lifeworld,” Theory, Culture & Society 23(2–3) (2006) 341–343.

  385. e.g., Sebastiano Galanti Grollo, “Rethinking Husserl’s lifeworld: The many faces of the world in Heidegger’s early Freiburg lecture courses,” Continental Philosophy Review 55 (2022) 487–502.

  386. Bernhard Miebach, (01/01/2011). “Computer and Social Systems – Structural Coupling or Material Agency?” Soziale Systeme 17(1) (2011) 97–119.

  387. Claudio Baraldi, “Structural Coupling: Simultaneity and Difference Between Communication and Thought,” Communication Theory 3(2) (1993) 112–129, 114.

  388. Baraldi, supra, p. 118.

  389. Broekman, supra, p. 142.

  390. Broekman, supra, p. 133.

  391. Joanna Chamberlain, “The Risk-Based Approach of the European Union’s Proposed Artificial Intelligence Regulation: Some Comments from a Tort Law Perspective,” European Journal of Risk Regulation 14(1) (2022) 1–13; Hoe-Han Goh, Ricardo Vinuesa, “Regulating artificial-intelligence applications to achieve the sustainable development goals,” Discover Sustainability 2(1) (2021) 1–6; Antonio Estella, “Trust in Artificial Intelligence Analysis of the European Commission proposal for a Regulation of Artificial Intelligence,” Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 30(1) (2023) 39–64.

  392. Broekman, supra, pp. 117–121.

  393. Dao, supra, Chp. 10(3).

  394. Broekman, supra, p. 119.

  395. Ibid., p. 120.

  396. Ovid, Metamorphosis (Henry T. Riley (trans) London: George Bell & Sons, 1893).

  397. Ovid, supra, XV, 444–475.

  398. Franz Kafka, “The Metamorphosis,” in Franz Kafka, The Complete Stories (Willa & Edwin Muir (trans); NY: Schocken Books, 1971), pp. 38–139.

  399. Ibid., p. 133.

  400. Broekman, supra, pp. 121–124.

  401. Ibid., p. 121.

  402. Ibid., p. 122.

  403. Ibid., p. 123.

  404. Gunther Teubner, “Legal Irritants: How Unifying Law Ends up in New Divergences,” in Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage (Peter A. Hall and David Soskice (eds.); Oxford, 2001), pp. 417–441.

  405. Broekman, supra, p. 124.

  406. Ibid., pp 124–131.

  407. Ibid., p. 124.

  408. Ibid., p. 125.

  409. Ibid.

  410. See discussion supra.

  411. Broekman, supra, p. 126.

  412. Ibid.

  413. Ibid., p. 126–127.

  414. Ibid., p. 127.

  415. Ibid.

  416. Ibid., pp. 127–128.

  417. Ibid., p. 127.

  418. Cf., Janusz Wegrzecki, “The Clash of Cultures of Radical Enlightenment and Humanism Open to Transcendence. The Perspective of Pope Benedict XVI,” Religions 12: 460; available [https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12070460]; Eric Goodfield, “Wu Wei East and West: Humanism and Anti-Humanism in Daoist and Enlightenment Political Thought,” Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory (2011) 58(126) 56–72; Melchiorre Masali, Irene Lia Schlacht, Margherita Micheletti Cremasco, “Man is the measure of all things,” Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali (2019) 30 573–587.

  419. Broekman, supra, p. 128.

  420. Ibid., pp. 128–130.

  421. Ibid., p. 129.

  422. Ibid., pp. 131–146.

  423. Ibid., p. 132.

  424. Ibid.

  425. Ibid., p. 143.

  426. G20 New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration, “One Earth, One Family, One Future,” New Delhi, India, 9–10 September 2023; ¶ 61.

  427. Deut. 34:1, 4.

  428. Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition (2nd ed.; University of Chicago Press, 1998 [1958]), esp. 268-280.

  429. Broekman, supra, p. 146.

  430. William Gaddes, Agape Agape (London: Penguin Classics, 2003); Walter Benjamin, “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction”, in Illuminations (Hannah Arendt (ed); Harry Zohn (trans); New York Schocken Books, 1969 (1935).

  431. Theodor W. Adorno, Negative Dialectics (E.B. Ashton (trans), New York: Routledge, 1990 (original, Negative Dialektik (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1966).

  432. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co, Ltd., 1922.

  433. Jaako Hintikka, Lingua Universalis vs. Calculus Ratiocinator: An Ultimate Presupposition of Twentieth Century Philosophy (Dordrecht, Neth: Kluwer, 2010, p. 178.

  434. John Bell, “Continuity and Infinitesimals,” in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (last update 16 March 2022).

  435. Walter Benjamin, “A Short History of Photography,” Screen 13(1) (1972) 5–26.

  436. Bettina Bergo, Anxiety: A Philosophical History (OUP, 2020).

  437. Benjamin “A Short History,” supra, p. 17.

  438. Nietzsche, Human All too Human: A Book for Free Spirits (Alexander Harvey (trans) Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co, 1908.

  439. Yi Lin, “Introduction: Discontinuity—a Weakness of Calculus and Beginning of a New Era,” Kyberbytes (1998) 27:6/7 614–617.

  440. Yi Lin, supra, p. 616.

  441. Abraham Robinson, “The Metaphysics of the Calculus,” Studies in the Logic and Foundations of Mathematics (1967) 47 28–46.

  442. Wittgenstein, Tractatus, supra, Preface p. 23.

  443. Wittgenstein’s “translation” Ibid., esp. Chp 4.

  444. Spinoza, Letter 29, p. 7 (R. H. M. Elwes (trans) Spinoza, Correspondence (1883).

  445. Broekman, supra, p. 147.

  446. Ibid., pp. 148–150.

  447. Ibid., p. 148.

  448. Ibid., pp. 148–149.

  449. Ibid., p. 149.

  450. Ibid.

  451. Ibid.

  452. Broekman, supra, p. 150.

  453. Ibid., pp. 151–155.

  454. Ibid., pp. 155–159.

  455. Ibid., pp. 159–164.

  456. Ibid., pp. 164–170.

  457. Broekman, supra, p. 164.

  458. Ibid.

  459. Yasin Kabalci, Ersan Kabalci, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Jens Bo Holm- Nielsen, Frede Blaabjerg, “Internet of Things Applications as Energy Internet in Smart Grids and Smart Environments,“ Electronics 8(9) (2019) 972-990 .

  460. Broekman, supra, p. 164.

  461. Ibid., p. 165.

  462. Ibid., p. 165.

  463. Barry Schwartz, “Frame Image: Towards a semiotics of Collective Memory,” Semiotica 121(1/2) (1998) 1-40.

  464. Clifford Geertz, “Ideology as a Cultural System,” in The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973), pp. 193-233 (“every conscious perception is ... an act of recognition, a pairing in which an object (or an event, an act, an emotion) is identified by placing it against the background of an appropriate symbol.” Ibid., p. 215).

  465. Maria Cristina Clorinda Vendra, “Paul Ricoeur and Clifford Geertz: The Harmonic Dialogue between Philosophical Hermeneutics and Cultural Anthropology,” Études Ricoeuriennes / Ricoeur Studies 11(1) (2020) 49-64, at 57-59.

  466. Broekman, supra, pp. 166-168.

  467. Ibid., p. 168.

  468. Ibid., pp. 168-169.

  469. Broekman, supra, pp. 169-170.

  470. Ibid., pp. 164–170

  471. Ibid., pp. 151–155).

  472. Ibid., pp. 155–159

  473. Ibid., pp. 159–164.

  474. Broekman, supra, p. 151.

  475. John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion (Ford Lewis Battles (trans); Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1960 (1559)) Vol. I Book 3, Chapters 2–3, pp. 537–592.

  476. Ibid., Chp. IX.

  477. Vladimir I. Lenin, Burning Questions of Our Movement,” Lenin Collected Works Vol. I, pp. 119–271 (Moscow Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1961 (1901/02); available https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1901/witbd/.

  478. Broekman, supra, pp. 151–152.

  479. Ibid., p. 151.

  480. Ibid., pp. 151–152.

  481. Ibid., pp. 153–154.

  482. Ibid., p. 155.

  483. Ibid., p. 156.

  484. See, e.g., Roberto A. Valdeón, “Bartolomé de las Casas and the Spanish- American War: Translation, appropriation and the 1898 edition of Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias,” Translation and Interpreting Studies 12(3) (2017) 367–382. The close connection in modernist thinking of the relationship among translation and appropriation forms a string element of modernist discomfort with both. Yet what may be seen as “bad” or “troubling,” the instrumentalization of artifacts of the past from elsewhere in the service of a localized present, perfectly describes the now positive relationship between physical and virtual plural) individual and communal selves, especially when ingested by and translated through iterative, inductive generative models.

  485. Broekman, supra, p. 156.

  486. Broekman, supra, pp. 156–157.

  487. Ibid., p. 157.

  488. Ibid., pp. 158–159.

  489. Ibid., pp. 160–161

  490. Ibid., p. 161

  491. Ibid., p. 162

  492. Ibid., pp. 163–164.

  493. Michael Peters, “Wittgenstein/Foucault/anti-philosophy: Contingency, community, and the ethics of self-cultivation” Educational Philosophy and Theory (2022) 54 1495-1500; Li Feng, “On the Subjectivity and Intersubjectivity of language,” Communication and Linguistic Studies (2020) 6(1) 1-5; Senko K. Maynard, Discourse Modality: Subjectivity, Emotion, and Voice in the Japanese Language (Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co, 1993).

  494. Adorno, Negative Dialectics, supra, Preface.

  495. Ibid.

  496. Walter Benjamin, “On the Concept of History,” (1940) original in Gesammelten Schriften I:2 (Suhrkamp Verlag. Frankfurt am Main, 1974) (Dennis Redmond (trans) reproduced with permission and available at https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/benjamin/1940/history.htm.

  497. Broekman, supra, Preface.

  498. Broekman, supra, p. 171.

  499. Ibid. (the human self (introduced in these pages as ‘the -S triad) does still play a primary role in those transformations).

  500. Ibid., “The Self and the Self-E”, pp. 172–178.

  501. Ibid., “The Semiosphere of the Self”, pp. 178–181.

  502. Ibid.; “Are interfaces Facial?”; pp. 182–186.

  503. Ibid., pp. 186–189.

  504. Ibid., pp. 189–199; discussed infra Part 12.

  505. Ibid., pp. 172–178.

  506. Ibid., p. 171.

  507. Ibid., p. 174.

  508. Ibid., p. 173.

  509. Ibid., p. 174.

  510. Ibid., pp. 173–174.

  511. Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari, Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia (Robert Hurley, Mark Seem, and Helen R. Lane (trans) NY: Penguin Classics 2009 (1972).

  512. Broekman, supra, p. 175, quoting Deleuze & Guattari, Anti-Oedipus, supra, p. 2.

  513. Tao-te Ching, supra, Chp. 7(1).

  514. Broekman, supra, pp. 176–177.

  515. Ibid., p. 177.

  516. Ibid., p. 178.

  517. Ridley Scott (director) Alien (Twentieth Century Fox, 1979).

  518. Aristotle, Treatise on Government, supra, Bk I, Chp. VI.

  519. Ibid.

  520. OECD, Recommendation on A.I., supra, p. 7.

  521. Anu Bradford, Digital Empires: The Global Battle to Regulate Technology (OUP, 2023).

  522. Broekman, supra., pp. 178–181.

  523. Juri Lotman, “On the semiosphere” (Wilma Clark (trans)) Sign Systems Studies (2005) 33(1) 205–229.

  524. John Hartley, Indek Ibrus, and Maarja Ojama, On the Digital Semiosphere: Culture, Media, and Science for the Anthropocene (London: Bloomsbury Academic 2020.

  525. Broekman, supra, p. 179.

  526. Broekman, supra, pp. 180–181.

  527. Juri Lotman, The Semiosphere, Soviet Psychology (1989) 27 40–61.

  528. Broekman, supra, p. 180.

  529. Ibid., p. 181–186.

  530. Ibid.

  531. Ibid., pp. 182–186.

  532. Jan M. Broekman, “Face to Face” International Journal for the Semiotics of Law—Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique (2009) 22(1)45–59, 47.

  533. Michel Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France 1978–1979 (NY: Picador, 2010).

  534. Mad About Max: The Making of a Video Cult, Newsweek 20 April 1987 “He’s cool. He’s hot. He’s handsome and witty. He’s a transatlantic cult figure. Max Headroom is so perfect he seems almost inhuman, which, in fact, he is.”; Jay Shefsky, “30 Years Later, Notorious ‘Max Headroom Incident’ Remains a Mystery,” WATTO News (21 November 2017).

  535. Broekman, “Face to Face” supra, p. 51.

  536. Broekman, supra, p. 18.

  537. Luke Buckmaster, “Max Headroom: one of sci-fi TV’s strangest characters deserves a comeback,” The Guardian (25 July 2023).

  538. Broekman, supra, p. 185.

  539. Ibid., pp. 185-186

  540. Blake Edwards, director, Victor, Victoria (MGM/Universal Artists 1982).

  541. C.S. Lewis, Till We Have Faces: A Myth Retold (Harvest Book, 1957) (“Two figures, reflections, their feet to Psyche’s feet and mine, stood head downward in the water. But whose were they? To Psyches, the one clothed, the other naked? Yes, both Psyches, both beautiful (if that mattered now) beyond all imagining, yet not exactly the same.” Ibid., pp. 307–308).

  542. Broekman, supra, pp. 186–191.

  543. Ibid., p. 187.

  544. Ibid., pp. 187–188.

  545. Fernand Braudel, On History (Sarah Matthews (trans) University of Chicago Press, 1980).

  546. Cf., Kathrin Blagec, Adriano Barbosa-Silva, Simon Ott & Matthias Samwald, “a curated, ontology-based, large-scale knowledge graph of artificial intelligence tasks and benchmarks,” Scientific Data (2022) 9:322 available [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01435-x]; Scott H. Hawley, “Challenges for an Ontology of Artificial Intelligence,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith (2019) 71(2) 83–93.

  547. Cf., John Danaher, “Axiological futurism: The systematic study of the future of values,” Futures:: The Journal of Policy, Planning and Futures Studies (2021) 132 102780.

  548. See, e.g., Carlos David Suárez Pascal, “Merging Biological Metaphors. Creativity, Darwinism and Biosemiotics,” Biosemiotics (2017) 10 369–378.

  549. Adam Bales, “Will AI avoid exploitation? Artificial general intelligence and expected utility theory,” Philosophical Studies (2023); available [https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-023-02023-4].

  550. Cf., Jaume Guia and Tazim Jamal, “A (Deleuzian) posthumanist paradigm for tourism research,” Annals of Tourism Research (2020) 84 102982.

  551. James Cameron (director); Terminator (Orion Pictures, 1984).

  552. Consider Lindsay Waters’ reading of Paul de Man in Lindsay Waters, “On Paul de Man's Effort to Re-Anchor a True Aesthetics in Our Feelings,” boundary (1999) 2 133–156 (“making. We do not respond to mimesis but to ‘the unsettling of mimesis’... " (RR, 279). The feeling provoked in us by the artwork is not detachment but ‘distraction... ‘” Ibid., p. 155, citing in part to Paul de Man, Aesthetic Ideology (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), p. 274).

  553. “Blueprint for an Artificial Intelligence (AI) Bill of Rights: Making Automated Systems Work for the American People”. A similar process is occurring in a more comprehensive way, perhaps, within the governance organs of the European Union. See, Larry Catá Backer, "Artificial Intelligence Act: deal on comprehensive rules for trustworthy AI" : Text of European Parliament Press Release 9 December 2023, Law at the End of the Day (11 December 2023); available https://lcbackerblog.blogspot.com/2023/12/artificial-intelligence-act-deal-on.html.

  554. Simon Chesterman, S., Y. Gao, J. Hahn, S. Valerie, “The Evolution of AI Governance.” TechRxiv (2023); preprint available https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.24681063.v1; Preprint pp. 6–7.

  555. White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, Blueprint for an Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) Bill of Rights: Making Automated Systems Work for the American People (October 2022).

  556. Press Release. Blueprint for an A.I. Bill of Rights: Making Automated Systems Work for the American People, The White House, available [https://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/ai-bill-of-rights/]. The language was drawn from the Foreword to the Blueprint, ibid., p. 3 (hereafter Blueprint Press Release).

  557. Blueprint, supra, p. 8.

  558. Blueprint Press Release, supra.

  559. Blueprint, supra., pp. 5–7.

  560. Ibid., p. 8.

  561. “Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence,” Executive Order 14110 (30 October 2023) (hereafter Biden Executive Order 2023).

  562. Remarks by President Biden and Vice President Harris on the Administration’s Commitment to Advancing the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence, available [https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2023/10/30/remarks-by-president-biden-and-vice-president-harris-on-the-administrations-commitment-to-advancing-the-safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence/].

  563. Biden Executive Order 2023, supra, supra, §§ 4–12.

  564. Ibid., §2.

  565. Ibid. (“When undertaking the actions set forth in this order, executive departments and agencies (agencies) shall, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law, adhere to these principles, while, as feasible, taking into account the views of other agencies, industry, members of academia, civil society, labor unions, international allies and partners, and other relevant organizations”).

  566. Remarks by President Biden and Vice President Harris, supra.

  567. The Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended, 50 U.S.C. §§4501 et seq.

  568. Remarks by President Biden and Vice President Harris, supra; Biden Executive Order 2023, supra, 2(a).

  569. Biden Executive Order 2023, supra, § 4.4.

  570. Indeed on 1 November 2023, shortly after the issuance of the Biden Executive Order 2023, the Department of Commerce announced the formation of a “U.S. Artificial Intelligence Safety Institute (USAISI) to lead the U.S. government’s efforts on A.I. safety and trust, particularly for evaluating the most advanced A.I. models.” U.S. Dept. Commerce Press Release, At the Direction of President Biden, Department of Commerce to Establish U.S. Artificial Intelligence Safety Institute to Lead Efforts on A.I. Safety (I November 2023); available [https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2023/11/direction-president-biden-department-commerce-establish-us-artificial].

  571. Remarks by President Biden and Vice President Harris, supra.

  572. Ibid.

  573. Biden Executive Order, supra, § 8.

  574. Ibid., §2(e).

  575. Ibid., (“At the same time, my Administration will promote responsible uses of A.I. that protect consumers, raise the quality of goods and services, lower their prices, or expand selection and availability.”).

  576. Remarks by President Biden and Vice President Harris, supra.

  577. Biden Executive Order 2023, supra, § 9 (“to safeguard Americans' privacy from the potential threats exacerbated by A.I.” ibid., § 9(b)).

  578. Biden Executive Order 2023, supra § 2(f) (“Artificial Intelligence is making it easier to extract, re-identify, link, infer, and act on sensitive information about people's identities, locations, habits, and desires. Artificial Intelligence's capabilities in these areas can increase the risk that personal data could be exploited and exposed”).

  579. Ibid.

  580. Biden Executive Order 2023 § 2(d).

  581. Ibid., § 7.

  582. Remarks by President Biden and Vice President Harris, supra.

  583. Ibid.

  584. Biden Executive Order 2023, supra, § 6.

  585. Ibid., § 2(c) (“As A.I. creates new jobs and industries, all workers need a seat at the table, including through collective bargaining, to ensure that they benefit from these opportunities”).

  586. Ibid. (“My Administration will build on the important steps that have already been taken—such as issuing the Blueprint for an A.I. Bill of Rights, the A.I. Risk Management Framework, and Executive Order 14091 of February 16, 2023 (Further Advancing Racial Equity and Support for Underserved Communities Through the Federal Government)—in seeking to ensure that A.I. complies with all Federal laws and to promote robust technical evaluations, careful oversight, engagement with affected communities, and rigorous regulation”).

  587. Ibid., supra, §§ 4–12.

  588. Remarks by President Biden and Vice President Harris, supra.

  589. Biden Executive Order 2023 § 2(b) (“The Federal Government will promote a fair, open, and competitive ecosystem and marketplace for A.I. and related technologies so that small developers and entrepreneurs can continue to drive innovation”).

  590. Biden Executive Order 2023 supra §2(h) (“My Administration will engage with international allies and partners in developing a framework to manage AI's risks, unlock AI's potential for good, and promote common approaches to shared challenges”).

  591. Ibid., §2(h) (“The Federal Government will seek to promote responsible A.I. safety and security principles and actions with other nations, including our competitors, while leading key global conversations and collaborations to ensure that A.I. benefits the whole world, rather than exacerbating inequities, threatening human rights, and causing other harms”).

  592. Remarks by President Biden and Vice President Harris, supra.

  593. Biden Executive Order 2023, supra, § 5.

  594. This is especially apparent in the provisions touching on the standards for the use and development of A.I for use by the state and its organs. Here one encounters the fear of the selfie. See, e.g., Biden Executive Order 2023, supra, § 10.

  595. Ibid., § 12 establishing a “White House A.I. Council “to coordinate the activities of agencies across the Federal Government to ensure the effective formulation, development, communication, industry engagement related to, and timely implementation of AI-related policies, including policies set forth in this order”, ibid., § 12(a). It initially identified 29 organs of the federal administrative apparatus. Ibid., § 12(b).

  596. Indeed, consider the definition of A.I. within the Biden Executive Order 2023: “a machine-based system that can, for a given set of human-defined objectives, make predictions, recommendations, or decisions influencing real or virtual environments. Artificial intelligence systems use machine- and human-based inputs to perceive real and virtual environments; abstract such perceptions into models through analysis in an automated manner; and use model inference to formulate options for information or action.” Ibid., § 3(b). Note the intimacy of the relationship between the Self and the Self-E. But note also the fear—the fear of the detachment of the Self-E as its own iterative self—connected but autonomous of the carbon based life forms whose behaviors may feed its perceptions—in the same way that animals life behaviors feed human cognition of the fauna around them but with reference to themselves.

  597. Sigmund Freud, “Jenseits des Lustprinzips” [ “Beyond the Pleasure Principle”], in Beihefte der Internationalen Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse(Sigmund Freud (ed); No. II, 1921); pp. 3–65, 37–38.

  598. Gen. 3:1–24 KJV.

  599. Gen. 3:6 KJV (“the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree to be desired to make one wise”; ibid.).

  600. Gen: 3:5 KJV.

  601. Gen. 3:22 KJV (”And the Lord God said, Behold, the man is become as one of us, to know good and evil: and now lest he put forth his hand and take also of the Tree of Life, and eat, and live forever”) .

  602. Gen. 3:23.

  603. Gen. 3:22.

  604. Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, supra, pp. 121-141 (“’Knowledge for its own sake’ that is the last snare of morality; with that one becomes completely entangled .” Ibid., p. 79 ¶64.).

  605. Gen. 3:6 KJV.

  606. U.N. Secretary General’s AI Advisory Board, Interim Report: Governing AIßor Humanity (December 2023); available https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/ai_advisory_body_interim_report.pdf; discussed in Larry Catá Backer, Made in Our Own Image; Animated as Our Servant; Governed as our Property: Interim Report “Governing AI for Humanity” and Request for Feedback, Law at the End of the Day (2 January 2024); Úvailable https://lcbackerblog.blogspot.com/2024/01/made-in-our-own-imageanimated-Ús-our.html.

  607. Gen. 3:5 (KJV).

  608. Gen. 3: 22 (KJV).

  609. The notion was generalized within the interlined cultures of the ancient Near East and then projected forward through Abrahamic religions and later into Greece and Buddhist ideo-symbolism. See, Simo Parpola, “The Assyrian Tree of Life: Tracing the Origins of Jewish Monotheism and Greek Philosophy,” Journal of Near Eastern Studies (1993) 52(3) 161–208.

  610. Gen. 3:22–23 (KJV). In the Hebrew language of the Bible: Gen 3:22, 24: “כב וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוָה אֱלֹהִים, הֵן הָאָדָם הָיָה כְּאַחַד מִמֶּנּוּ, לָדַעַת, טוֹב וָרָע; וְעַתָּה פֶּן-יִשְׁלַח יָדוֹ, וְלָקַח גַּם מֵעֵץ הַחַיִּים, וְאָכַל, וָחַי לְעֹלָם” (“22 And the LORD God said: 'Behold, the man is become as one of us, to know good and evil; and now, lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live for ever”)... כד וַיְגָרֶשׁ, אֶת-הָאָדָם; וַיַּשְׁכֵּן מִקֶּדֶם לְגַן-עֵדֶן אֶת-הַכְּרֻבִים, וְאֵת לַהַט הַחֶרֶב הַמִּתְהַפֶּכֶת, לִשְׁמֹר, אֶת-דֶּרֶךְ עֵץ הַחַיִּים. (24 So He drove out the man; and He placed at the east of the garden of Eden the cherubim, and the flaming sword which turned every way, to keep the way to the tree of life); available [https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0103.htm].

  611. Martin Hilbert, Priscila López, “ The World’s Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information” Science (1 April 2011); 332(6025):60–65; https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200970.

  612. Freud, supra, p. 10–11.

  613. In contrast to re-animation or resurrection, but closer to reincarnation. See, e.g., Anna Smajdor, “The Inexorability of Immortality: No Need for God?, Norsk Filosofisk Tidsskrift (2021) 56 19–30.

  614. See, e.g., Benedict R. O’G. Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. (London: Verso, 1983); Michael Herzfeld, “Heritage and corruption: the two faces of the nation-state,” International Journal of Heritage Studies (2015) 21 531–544.

  615. Cf., Jenny Huberman, “Immortality transformed: mind cloning, transhumanism and the quest for digital immortality,” Mortality (2018) 23(1) 50–64.

  616. Friedrich Nietzsche, Twilight of the Idols (Anthony Ludovici (trans); London: TN Foulis, 1911; “The Four Great Errors” pp. 33–44).

  617. Ibid., p. 42.

  618. Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archeology of the Human Sciences (Vintage Books, 1994 (1966).

  619. Broekman, supra, p.192.

  620. Ibid., 189–199.

  621. Ibid., 190, 191.

  622. Ibid., p. 192; cf., David M. Wilkinson, Fundamental Processes in Ecology: An Earth Systems Approach (Oxford University Press, 2006).

  623. Broekman, supra, p. 192.

  624. Broekman, supra, p. 193.

  625. Ibid., p. 194.

  626. Principles of Artificial Intelligence Ethics for the Intelligence Community (June 2020); available[https://www.intelligence.gov/images/AI/Principles_of_AI_Ethics_for_the_Intelligence_Community.pdf].

  627. Artificial Intelligence Ethics Framework for the Intelligence Community( v. 1.0 as of June 2020); available [https://www.intelligence.gov/images/AI/AI_Ethics_Framework_for_the_Intelligence_Community_1.0.pdf].

  628. A.I. Principles of Ethics for the IC, supra.

  629. A.I. Ethics Framework for the IC, supra.

  630. Broekman, supra, p. 197.

  631. Arnold Gehlen, Man in the age of technology (New York: Columbia University Press., 1980).

  632. Aristotle, Treatise on Government, supra and discussion infra.

  633. Robert Hassan, “Our Post-modern Vanity: The Cult of Efficiency and the Regress to the Boundary of the Animal World,” Philosophy and Technology (2015) 28 241–259.

  634. Gunther Teubner, “Legal Irritants: Good Faith in British Law or How Unifying Law Ends up in New Divergences,” The Modern Law Review (1998) 61(1) 11–32.

  635. This is sometimes expressed as the difference between consciousness and sentience, or between solipsistic sentience and sentience that is externally aware. See, e.g., Jordan C.V. Taylor, “Solipsistic Sentience,” Mind and Language (2022) 37(4) 734–750.

  636. See, e.g., Nigel Thrift, “The ‘Sentient’ City and What it May Portend,” Big Data & Society (2014) 1(1) 1–21; Alberto Borboni, Karna Vishnu Vardhana Reddy, Irraivan Elamvazuthi, Maged S. AL-Quraishi, Elango Natarajan, Syed Saad Azhar Ali, “The Expanding Role of Artificial Intelligence in Collaborative Robots for Industrial Applications: A Systematic Review of Recent Works,” Machines (2023) 11, 111 (28 pp); available [https://doi.org/10.3390/machines11010111].

  637. Robert Hassan, “Our Post-modern Vanity, supra, (“We, on the other hand, are losing that ancient analogue relationship and are becoming prisoners of digital automation... our virtual world is devoid of the organic potential that made us ‘sapient’ and is with each new automated solution destroying the basis we created for living.” Ibid., p. 258).

  638. Cf., Michel Foucault, The Order of Things, supra, pp. 217–221.

  639. Broekman, supra, p. 199.

  640. Marta Lenartowicz, “Creatures of the semiosphere: A problematic third party in the ‘humans plus technology’ cognitive architecture of the future global superintelligence” Technological Forecasting and Social Change (2017) 114 35–42, 40.

  641. Mike Crang & Stephen Graham, “Sentient Cities: Ambient intelligence and the politics of urban space,” Information, Communication & Society (2007) 10(6) 789–817.

  642. Niklas Luhmann, Social Systems Theory (John Bednarz, Jr., and Dirk Baecker (trans); Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1996); Niklas Luhmann, Law As a Social System (Klaus A. Ziegert (trans); Oxford University Press, 2003).

  643. Vladimir E. Alexandrov, "Biology, Semiosis, and Cultural Difference in Lotman's Semiosphere" Comparative Literature (2000) 52 (4) 339–362.

  644. Jan M. Broekman and Frank Fleerackers, Legal Signs Fascinate: Kevelson’s Research on Semiotics, supra; Peter R: Wills “Reflexivity, coding and quantum biology” Biosystems (2019) 185 104027.

  645. Broekman, supra., p. v.

  646. Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, supra, ¶ 191 (“ that reason and instinct lead spontaneously to one goal, to the good, to ‘God’; and since Plato, all theologians and philosophers have followed the same path—which means that in matters of morality, instinct (or as Christians call it, "Faith," or as I call it, "the herd") has hitherto triumphed. Unless one should make an exception in the case of Descartes, the father of rationalism (and consequently the grandfather of the Revolution), who recognized only the authority of reason: but reason is only a tool, and Descartes was superficial”).

  647. Masali, Schlacht, and Cremasco, “Man is the Measure of All Things,” supra, p. 573, quoting “Protagoras (Πρωταγόρας; Abdera, 486.—Ionian sea, 411 BC known for the famous sophism: "Man is the measure of all things, of those that are as they are and of those which are not as they are not.” (ibid., n.1); and Jacques Monod, Le Hasard et la Nécessité: Essai sur la philosophie naturelle de la biologie moderne (Paris: Le Seuil, 1970), p. 143 [“Man finally knows that he is alone in the indifferent immensity of the universe from which he emerged by chance. No more than his destiny, his duty is written nowhere”]).

  648. Collective immortality through the preservation of memory appears as close as one can get in human and data based life forms. Cf., Sebastian Gäb, “Non-personal immortality,” Religious Studies (2023), 1–14 [https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034412523000525]; Michael Eisenstein, “In Pursuit of Data Immortality,” Nature (2022) 604 (7 April) 207–208.

  649. Sylwia Wojtczak, “Endowing Artificial Intelligence with legal subjectivity,” A.I. and Society (2022) 37 205–213.

  650. Heather Browning, Jonathan Birch, “Animals Sentience,” Philosophy Compass (2022) 17(5) 17:e12822; available [https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12822]; Daniel Goldsworthy, Daniel; and Ian Robertson, Ian, “Recognising and Defining Animal Sentience in Legislation: A Framework for Importing Positive Animal Welfare Through the Five Domains Model,” Monash University Law Review (2021) 48(1) 1–22.

  651. 法官庭审上“袖手旁观”？浙江首创AI 法官助理“小智”上线 (2019-09-23)杭州网[The judge"stands by" during the court hearing? Zhejiang’s first A.I. judge assistant “Xiao Zhi” goes online (2019-09-23) Hangzhou Net]; available[https://ori.hangzhou.com.cn/ornews/content/2019-09/23/content_7272443.htm].]; Daniel Goldsworthy, Daniel; and Ian Robertson, Ian, “Recognising and Defining Animal Sentience in Legislation: A Framework for Importing Positive Animal Welfare Through the Five Domains Model,” Monash University Law Review (2021) 48(1) 1–22.

  652. Chesterman, et al., “The Evolution of AI Governance,” supra. (exploring semiotic consensus on the relationship between humans and the constitution and utilization of generative intelligence).

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Backer, L.C. The Soulful Machine, the Virtual Person, and the “Human” Condition: An Encounter with Jan M. Broekman, Knowledge in Change: The Semiotics of Cognition and Conversion (Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature, 2023). Int J Semiot Law 37, 969–1083 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-023-10065-4

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