Killing `Without the Distressing Preliminaries': Scientists' Defence of the British Biological Warfare Programme

This article presents historical cases in which Britishscientists, principally scientific advisors, have attempted to defendresearch on biological weapons. Although the historical record is scant,there is a degree of continuity in their justifications, and a number ofthemes can be identified. It was argued, that biological weaponsresearch is morally justified because it produces humane weapons; thatit is no different from medical or other research; and that it is beingperformed for defensive purposes. It is argued that this defence isdirected primarily towards other scientists working on germ warfare, andwas formed part of the `moral economy' of that secretcommunity.

Authors and Affiliations

1. Department of Science and Technology Studies, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK

   Brian Balmer

Reprints and permissions