Abstract
Kazimierz Twardowski was the founder of the Lvov-Warsaw School, one of the greatest phenomena in the European culture. The School had its representatives in all scientific disciplines, logic and mathematics including. Among his pupils are such great figures of European philosophy like: Jan Łukasiewicz, Stanisław Leśniewski, Tadeusz Kotarbiński, Władysław Tatarkiewicz and Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz. The paper presents his life and various fields of his rich activity, as well as the list of his main works and the greatest achievements in philosophy. He is best known in the world as the author of the distinction presentation-object-content, act-product, as well as the supporter of the postulate of clarity of thought and speech and the critic of psychologism, relativity of truth, symbolomania and pragmatophobia in science.
Who really is a patriot, is not hungry for fame.
His inner conviction is enough for him,
that he makes what he should make,
and none of his effort will be wasted;
his sweat and — when it is needed — his blood
produces the most beautiful and most wonderful seeds:
the greatness and happiness of the Fatherland.
On patriotism (Twardowski [7, p. 454])
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Notes
- 1.
Twardowski’s views concerning this subject are little known. Only recently was his extensive German manuscript from 1895 published. Cf. [1].
- 2.
In Twardowski, we find a characteristic hesitation, which will be also visible in many of his disciples: either a logical value should be considered a defining property of “judgment”, or “judgment” should be defined without using the notion of truth with respect to falsehood. Here we are dealing with the second solution. But sometimes Twardowski called “judgment” a mental action, “in which truth or falsehood is contained”. This involves “truth” and “falsehood” in the proper sense. The external criterion of truthfulness understood in such a manner is conformity with the truth, and of falsehood—fallacy. The internal criterion is whether “true” and “false” are adjectives determining nouns (and thus they are determinators), where they stand—or adjectives which retain the changed sense of those nouns (and thus—in the latter case—they are modifiers).
- 3.
In this paper, all examples come from Twardowski himself.
Kazimierz Twardowski’s Works Mentioned in the Paper
Zur Lehre vom Inhalt und Gegenstand der Vorstellungen. Eine Psychologische Untersuchung. Wien, Hölder (1894) (English translation: On the content and object of presentation. A psychological investigation. Martinus Nijhof, The Hague (1977))
Die Unsterblichkeitsfrage. Wydawnictwo WFiS UW, Warszawa (2009) (Manuscript 1895)
Wyobrażenia i pojecia [Images and concepts]. In: Wybrane pisma filozoficzne [Selected philosophical writings]. PWN, Warszawa (1965), pp. 114–197 (Original work published 1898. English translation: Imageries and concepts. Axiomathes, vol. I, 79–104 (1995))
Zasadnicze pojecia dydaktyki i logiki [The essential concepts of didactics and logic]. Nakładem Towarzystwa Pedagogicznego, Lwów (1901)
O filozofii średniowiecznej wykładów sześć [Six lectures on medieval philosophy]. H. Altenberg, Warszawa (1910)
Mowy i rozprawy z okresu działalności w Towarzystwie Nauczycieli Szkół Wyższych [Addresses and papers from the period of activity in the Association of Teachers in Higher Education]. Nakładem TNSW, Lwów (1912)
O patriotyzmie [On patriotism]. In: Myśl, mowa i czyn [Thought, Speech and Actions]. Vols. I–II. Copernicus Center Press & Wydawnictwo Naukowe Semper, Kraków & Warszawa (2013–2014), vol. I, pp. 436–455 (Original work published 1919)
Autobiografia filozoficzna [Philosophical autobiography]. In: Przegl ąd Filozoficzny vol. I(1), pp. 19–33 (1992)(Original work published 1926)
Rozprawy i artykuły filozoficzne [Philosophical dissertations and papers]. Ksiegarnia SA Ksi ążnica-Atlas TNSW, Lwów (1927)
Wybrane pisma filozoficzne [Selected philosophical writings]. PWN, Warszawa (1965)
Wybór pism psychologicznych i pedagogicznych [Collected psychological and pedagogical writings]. WSiP, Warszawa (1992)
Etyka [Ethics]. Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, Toruń (1994)
Dzienniki [Diaries]. Vols. I–II. Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, Toruń (1997)
Twardowski, K.: On Actions, Products and Other Topics in Philosophy. Rodopi, Amsterdam (1999)
Filozofia i muzyka [Philosophy and music]. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Semper, Warszawa (1995)
Dzienniki młodzieńcze [Youthful diaries]. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Semper, Warszawa (2013)
Myśl, mowa i czyn [Thought, Speech and Actions]. Vols. I–II. Copernicus Center Press & Wydawnictwo Naukowe Semper, Kraków & Warszawa (2013–2014)
Brozek, A., Jadacki, J.: On Prejudices, Judgments and Other Topics in Philosophy. Rodopi, Amsterdam (2014)
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Brożek, A. (2018). Kazimierz Twardowski: A Great Teacher of Great Philosophers. In: Garrido, Á., Wybraniec-Skardowska, U. (eds) The Lvov-Warsaw School. Past and Present. Studies in Universal Logic. Birkhäuser, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65430-0_2
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