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No Refuge(es) here: Jane Doe and the Contested Right to ‘Abortion on Demand’

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A Correction to this article was published on 04 May 2023

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Abstract

Using a multidisciplinary framework, this article examines the Office of Refugee Resettlement’s (ORR) policy decision to prohibit teens in federal immigration custody from obtaining abortions. As we argue, this appropriation of decisional authority over their reproductive bodies discursively cast them as doubly subversive for first breaching the southern border of the United States and then insisting upon the right to ‘abortion on demand’. Mapping these twinned agendas onto their bodies, these teens were configured as a threat to the racialised national order during the Trump era. Centring our analysis on the much publicised constitutional challenge to ORR’s abortion ban in Garza v. Hargan, we interrogate this policy as a powerful expression of legal duplicity, the spatial and bodily containment of those deemed other, and the privileging of the citizen-foetus over their undocumented mothers.

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Notes

  1. ORR defines an unaccompanied child as one who: has no lawful immigration status in the United States; is under 18 years of age; has no parent or legal guardian in the United States, or no parent or legal guardian in the United States is available to provide care and physical custody. Under Trump, children who were removed from their parents (or legal guardian) by federal immigration officials pursuant to his family separation policy were classified as unaccompanied minors despite not meeting the third prong of this definition (see Office of Refugee Settlement 2022). https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/child_law/separated-children-child-welfare-concerns-factsheet.pdf.

  2. ACLU v. Hargan, Deposition of Scott Lloyd, Case Number 3:16-cv-3539-LB, (D.C. N.D. Cal., Dec. 18, 2017).

  3. J.D. v. Azar, 925 F2.d 1291 (D.C. Cir. 2019) (previously Garza v. Hargan).

  4. Jane Doe, the original named plaintiff, was subsequently joined by Jane Poe, Jane Roe, and Jane Moe as named plaintiffs; hence our use of the name ‘Jane’ to refer those impacted by Lloyd’s abortion consent policy (Garza v. Hargan, Complaint for Injunctive Relief and Damages, Civil Action No. 17-cv-02122. (D.D.C. 2017), 1).

  5. Supra n 4, at 1–2. For details on the progression of the case through the courts, see Garza v. Hargan, 131 Har. L. Rev. 1812 (2018a, b).

  6. J.D. v. Azar, 925 F.2d 1291, 1326 (2019).

  7. Supra n 6 at 1330–1332.

  8. Supra n 6 at 1328.

  9. Supra n 6 at 1329–1333.

  10. https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/result-aclu-litigation-trump-administration-ends-policy-prohibiting-immigrant-minors (September 20, 2020).

  11. Order on Joint Stipulation of Dismissal Without Prejudice, (D.D. C. No. 17-cv-02122-TSC, (2020).

  12. https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/result-aclu-litigation-trump-administration-ends-policy-prohibiting-immigrant-minors.

  13. Supra n 2 at 220–222.

  14. David Siegel, Medical Services Requiring Heightened ORR Review (2008).

  15. Supra n 2 at 178–79 (emphasis added).

  16. See Missouri v. Danforth 428 U.S. 52 (1976) and Bellotti v. Baird, 443 U.S. 622 (1979). The federal court in Garza held that this right extends to undocumented teens, see J.D. v. Azar, 925 F. 3d 1291, 1325–1326 (2019).

  17. Bellotti v Baird, Supra n 16 at 642–644.

  18. See Ehrlich and Sanger for a critique of the judicial bypass process as an impermissible burden on the abortion rights of teens.

  19. Scott Lloyd, Note to File (2017).

  20. Supra n 19, np.

  21. Supra n 19, np.

  22. Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).

  23. L.V.M. v. Lloyd, Class Action Complaint and Petition for a Writ of Habeas Corpus (2018b).

  24. L.V.M. v. Lloyd, 318 F. Supp. 601, 618–620 (2018a).

  25. Garza v. Hargan, 874 F. 3d 735, 737–8 (D.C. Cir., 2017).

  26. Azar v. Garza, Appellants’ Brief, 40 (2018).

  27. Supra n 26 at 45.

  28. Supra n 6 at 1336–1337 quoting ORR, UAC Services.

  29. Supra n 25 at 736–42 (Millett concurring).

  30. Supra n 25 at 752–6 (Kavanaugh dissenting).

  31. Supra n 25 at 752-6.

  32. Supra n 25 at 740.

  33. Supra n 25 at 754 (Kavanaugh dissenting).

  34. Supra n 25 at 736.

  35. Supra n 25 at 739.

  36. Supra n 25 at 740.

  37. Garza v. Hargan, No. 17-5236, 4 (Millet dissenting).

  38. Ken Paxton, ‘Brief for the States of Texas et al., as Amici Curiae in Support of Appellants, Garza v. Azar’ (2018), 1–2.

  39. Supra n 38 at 1–2.

  40. Melani McAlister (2008) argues that US Christian missions see global south converts and missions as being closer to God when they minister to them in country.

  41. This law was found constitutional, except for the provision barring local officials from ‘endorsing’ a policy limiting enforcement of immigration laws based on free speech considerations. See City of El Cenizo v. Texas, 890 F. 3d 164 (2018).

  42. Supra n 3 at 1305.

  43. Garza v. Hargan, 304 F. Supp. 3d 145, 150 (D.D.C. 2018).

  44. Supra n 3 at 1330.

  45. Supra n 41 at 164.

  46. It is first important to note that the court’s reference to these countries as the ‘Northern Triangle’ normalises militarisation and securitisation of the region without acknowledging US interventions in impacting targeted violence against women. See Menjivar, and Walsh.

  47. Supra n 41 at 164.

  48. Much of this litigation has been brought by the Center for Constitutional Rights (https://ccrjustice.org/home/what-we-do/issues/abusive-immigration-practices) on behalf of Al Otro Lado, an organisation dedicated to “the rights of immigrants and asylum seekers (https://alotrolado.org/).

  49. Webster v Reproductive Health Services, 492 U.S. 490, 538 & 560 (1989) (Justice Blackmun concurring in part and dissenting in part).

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Emma Stoskopf-Ehrlich for her invaluable review of article as a whole. In addition, Lori Brown extends her appreciation to co-author J. Shoshanna Ehrlich for her collaborative review of her section of this article. J. Shoshanna Ehrlich extends her gratitude to Brigitte Amiri, Phillip Kretsedemas, and Alan Stoskopf for their insightful review of and comments on an extended version of her section of the article. She also thanks UMass Boston students Shilpa Thirukkovalur and Veronica Santos Puim for their excellent research assistance. Nicole Guidotti-Hernández extends her appreciation to Laura Briggs, Maritza Cardenas, and Jennifer Nye for their astute review of and comments on her section of the article.

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  1. Lori Brown, J. Shoshanna Ehrlich and Nicole M. Guidotti-Hernández have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Syracuse University School of Architecture, 201 Slocum Hall, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA

    Lori Brown

  2. Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, UMass Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

    J. Shoshanna Ehrlich

  3. English Department, N302 Callaway Memorial Center, Emory University, 537 Kilgo Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA

    Nicole M. Guidotti-Hernández

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Brown, L., Ehrlich, J.S. & Guidotti-Hernández, N.M. No Refuge(es) here: Jane Doe and the Contested Right to ‘Abortion on Demand’. Fem Leg Stud 32, 27–49 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10691-022-09502-9

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