Abstract
In this chapter I describe how the moral and/or socioeconomic attributes of honour define an individual’s hierarchical positioning within societies and groups and contribute to the individual’s self-esteem. The relation between the honour of individuals and the honour of the whole group, class, or society is discussed. If emotions are defined as relatively short-term, bodily felt, expressed experiences, surely the “state” of being honourable or living in dishonour cannot be understood as an emotion. When, however, an individual is honoured or dishonoured because of his or her behaviour, the reactions of his or her group elicit emotions—bodily felt and expressed—that are understood and recognised as the social emotions of “pride” or “shame,” respectively. I thus ask whether, and if so how, honour is related to the feeling and emotion of pride and dishonour to those of shame. This leads to a general discussion of shame and pride, their ontogenetic embodiment, and their culture-specific elicitations in later life. Some ideas about the phylogeny of pride and shame in the light of the evolution of social animals who are organised according to sex and age classes are discussed at the end of the chapter.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1972). Attachment and dependency: A comparison. In J. L. Gewirtz (Ed.), Attachment and dependency (pp. 97–137). Washington, DC: V.H. Winston.
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44, 709–716.
Alderfer, C. (1972). Existence, relatedness, and growth. New York: Free Press.
Allen, N. B., & Badcock, P. B. T. (2003). The social risk hypothesis of depressed mood: Evolutionary, psychosocial, and neurobiological perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 129(6), 887–913.
Appadurai, A. (1990). Topographies of the self: Praise and emotion in Hindu India. In C. A. Lutz & L. Abu-Lughod (Eds.), Language and the politics of emotion (pp. 92–112). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Barkow, J. H. (1997). Happiness in evolutionary perspective. In N. L. Sega, G. E. Weisfeld, & C. C. Weisfeld (Eds.), Uniting psychology and biology: Integrative perspectives on human development (pp. 397–418). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Barkow, J.H. (1980). Prestige and self-esteem: A biosocial interpretation. In D. R. Omark, F. F. Strayer, & D. G. Freedman (Eds.), Dominance relations: An ethological view of human conflict and social interaction (pp. 319–332). New York: Garland STPM Press.
Bauman, Z. (1993). Modernity and ambivalence. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Baumeister, R. F., & Tice, D. M. (1990). Anxiety and social exclusion. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9(2), 165–195.
Baumeister, R. F., Heatherton T. F., & Tice, D. M. (1993). When ego threats lead to self-regulation failure: Negative consequences of high self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(1), 141–156.
Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2005). Exploding the self-esteem myth. Scientific American, 292(1), 70–77.
Belsky, J., Domitrovich, C., & Crnic, K. (1997). Temperament and parenting antecedents of individual differences in three-year-old boys’ pride and shame reactions. Child Development, 68(3), 456–466.
Benedict, R. (1956). Patterns of culture. New York: Mentor Book.
Bernstein, I. S. (1980). Dominance: A theoretical perspective for ethologists. In D. R. Omark, F. F. Strayer, & D. G. Freedman (Eds.), Dominance relations: An ethological view of human conflict and social interaction (pp. 71–84). New York: Garland STPM Press.
Bischof-Köhler, D. (1995). The development of empathy in infants. In M. E. Lamb & H. Keller (Eds.), Infant development: Perspectives from German-speaking countries (pp. 1–33). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Blok, A. (1981). Rams and billy-goats: A key to the Mediterranean code of honour. Man, 16, 427–440.
Bourdieu, P. (1966). The sentiment of honour in Kabyle society. In J. G. Peristiany (Ed.), Honour and shame: The values of Mediterranean society (pp. 193–241). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a theory of practice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment 1: Attachment and separation. New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Separation: Anxiety and anger, Vol. 2: Attachment and loss. New York: Basic Books.
Brown, J. D., Dutton, K. A., & Cook, K. E. (2001). From the top down: Self-esteem and self-evaluation. Cognition and Emotion, 15(5), 615–631.
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1992). Politeness: Some universals in language use. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Bruck, G. von (1996). Being worthy of protection: The dialectics of gender attributes in Yemen. Social Anthropology, 4(2), 145–162.
Buss, D. M. (1990). The evolution of anxiety and social exclusion. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9(2), 196–201.
Byrne, R. (1995). The thinking ape: Evolutionary origins of intelligence. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Byrne, R., & Whitten, A. (1988). Machiavellian intelligence: Social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes and humans. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
Cagle, R. (2005). Becoming a virtuous agent: Kant and the cultivation of feelings and emotions. Kant-Studien, 96(4), 452–467.
Campbell, J. K. (1964). Honour, family and patronage: A study of institutions and moral values in a Greek mountain community. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Capitano, J. P. (1992). What do attachment objects afford? Commentary to Kraemer, Gary W., A Psychobiological Theory of Attachment. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 15, 493–541.
Casey, J. (1990). Pagan virtue: An essay on ethics. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
Casimir M. J., & Schnegg, M. (2002). Shame across cultures: The evolution, ontogeny and function of a “Moral Emotion.” In H. Keller, Y. Poortinga, & A. Schölmerich (Eds.), Between biology and culture: Perspectives on ontogenetic development (pp. 270–300). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Casimir, M. J. (2007). The mutual dynamics of cultural and environmental change: An introductory essay. In M. Casimir (Ed.), Culture and the changing environment: Uncertainty, cognition and risk management in cross-cultural perspective (pp. 1–62). Oxford: Berghahn Books.
Cohen, E. S. (1992). Honor and gender in the streets of early modern Rome. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 22(4), 597–625.
Collins, R. (1984). The role of emotion in social structure. In K. R. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds.), Approaches to emotion (pp. 385–396). London: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Connell, R. W. (1987). Gender and power. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
Connell, R. W. (2002). Hegemoniac masculinity. In S. Jackson & S. Scott (Eds.), Gender. A sociological reader. (pp. 60–63). London: Routledge.
Cook, J. R. (1992). An empirical investigation of cognitive arrogance as a coping style. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Auburn University, Alabama.
Cooper, T. D. (2003). Sin, pride & self-acceptance. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press.
Coopersmith, S. (1967). The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
Cornwall, A., & Lindisfarne, N. (1994). Dislocating masculinity: Gender, power and anthropology. In A. Cornwall & N. Lindisfarne (Eds.), Dislocating masculinity (pp. 11–47). London: Routledge.
Csordas, T. (1994). Embodiment and experience: The existential ground of culture and self. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Darwin, C. (1871/1896). The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. New York: Appleton.
Denrell. J. (2008). Indirect social influence Science, 321, 47–48.
De Sousa, R. (1987). The rationality of emotions. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Dinges, M. (Ed.) (2005). Männer-Macht-Körper. Hegemoniale Männlichkeiten vom Mittelalter bis heute [Men-power-body: Hegemonial masculinity from the middle ages to today]. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Campus Verlag.
Drucker, P., & Heizer, R. F. (1967). To make my name good: A reexamination of Southern Kwakiutl Potlatch. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Eckensberger, L. H. (1994). Moral development and its measurement across cultures. In W. J. Lonner & P. Malpass (Eds.), Psychology and culture (pp. 71–78). London: Allyn and Bacon.
Eisenberg, N., Lieberman, I., Kipling, M. D., & Williams, D. (2003). Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302, 290–292.
Emery, N. J. (2000). The eyes have it: The neuroethology, function and evolution of social gaze. Neuroscience and Behavioral Reviews, 24, 581–604.
Epstein, A. L. (1984). The experience of shame in Melanesia: An essay in the anthropology of affect. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Occasional Paper No. 40.
Evans, N. (1992). Kayardild dictionary and thesaurus. A vocabulary of the language of the Bentinck Islanders, North-West Queensland. Melbourne: Department of Linguistics and Language Studies.
Fessler, D. M. T. (1999). Toward an understanding of the universality of second order emotions. In A. L. Hinton (Ed.), Biocultural approaches to the emotions (pp. 75–116). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Fessler, D. M. T. (2002). Emotions and cost-benefit assessment: The role of shame and self-esteem in risk taking. In G. Gigerenzer & R. Selten (Eds.), Bounded rationality: The adaptive toolbox (pp. 191–214). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Fisher, N. R. (1992). Hybris: A study in the values of honour and shame in Ancient Greece. Warminster, UK: Aris & Phillips.
Foster, G. M. (1972). The anatomy of envy: A study in symbolic behavior. Current Anthropology, 13(2), 165–202.
Gerlach, A. L., Gruber, K., Roth, W. T., & Wilhelm, F. H. (2001) Blushing and physiological arousability in social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(2), 247–258.
Gerlach, A. L., Wilhelm, F. H., & Roth, W. T. (2003). Embarrassment and social phobia: The role of parasympathetic activation. Anxiety Disorders, 17, 197–210.
Gilmore, D. D. (1987). Introduction: The shame of dishonour. In D. D. Gilmore (Ed.), Honor and shame and the unity of the Mediterranean (pp. 2–21). Washington, DC: A Special Publication of the American Anthropological Association, No. 22.
Gilmore, D. D. (1990). On Mediterranean studies. Current Anthropology, 31(4), 359–396.
Goodson, J. L., Evans, A. K., Lindberg, L., & Allen, C. D. (2005). Neuro-evolutionary patterning of sociality. Proceedings Biological Sciences, 272(1560), 227–235.
Godelier, M., & Strathern, M. (1991). Big men and great men. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Goffman, E. (1963). Behavior in public places: Notes on the social organization of gatherings. London: Collier Macmillan.
Goffman, E. (1967). Interactional ritual: Essays on face to face behavior. Garden City, NJ: Doubleday.
Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., Rosenblatt, A., Burling, J., Lyon, D., Simon L. and Pinel, E. (1992). Why do people need self-esteem? Converging evidence that self-esteem serves an anxiety-buffering function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(6), 913–922.
Harris, C. R. (2006). Embarrassment: A form of social pain. American Scientist, 94, 524–533.
Harrison, S. (2001). Smoke rising from the villages of the dead: Seasonal patterns of mood in a Papua New Guinea society. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Society (Incorporating Man), 7(2), 255–274.
Harrison, S. (2004). Emotional climates: Ritual, seasonality and affective disorders. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.), 10, 583–602.
Heelas, P. (1986). Emotion talk across cultures. In R. M. Harré (Ed.), The social construction of emotions (pp. 234–266). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Hinton, A. L. (1999). Outline of a bioculturally based, “processual” approach to the emotions. In A. L. Hinton (Ed.), Biocultural approaches to the emotions (pp. 299–328). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Hochschild, A. R. (1979). Emotion work, feeling rules, and social structure. American Journal of Sociology, 85(3), 551–75.
Holodynski, M., & Friedlmeier, W. (2006). Development of Emotions and Emotion Regulation (J. Harrow, Trans.). New York: Springer.
Horden, P., & Purcell, N. (2002). The corrupting sea: A study of Mediterranean history. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Kahneman, D., Diener, E., & Schwarz, N. (1999a). Preface. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. ix–xii). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Kahneman, D., Diener, E., & Schwarz, N. (1999b). Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Kaufman, M. (1997). The construction of masculinity and the triad of men’s violence, in gender violence. In L. L. O’Toole & J. R. Schiffman (Eds.), Interdisciplinary perspectives. New York: New York University Press.
Kelman, M. (2005). Hedonic psychology and ambiguities of “welfare.” Philosophy & Public Affairs, 33(4), 391–412.
Koutlaki, S. A. (2002). Offers and expressions of thanks as face enhancing acts: tæ’arof in Persian. Journal of Pragmatics, 34, 1733–1756.
Kraemer, G. W. (1992). A psychobiological theory of attachment. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 15, 493–541.
Langford, D. J., Crager, S. E., Shehzad, Z., Smith, S. B., Sotocinal, S. G., Levenstadt, J. S., Chanda, M. L., Levitin, D. J. & Mogil, J. S. (2006). Social modulation of pain as evidence of empathy in mice. Science, 312(5782), 1967–1970.
Leary, M. R. (1990). Responses to social exclusion: Social anxiety, jealousy, loneliness, depression, and low self-esteem. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9(2), 221–229.
Leary, M. R., & Meadows, S. (1991). Predictors, elicitors and concomitants of social blushing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 254–262.
Leary, M. R., & Downs, D. L. (1995). Interpersonal functions of the self-esteem motive: The self-esteem system as a sociometer. In M. H. Kernis (Ed.), Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem (pp. 123–44). New York: Plenum Press.
Levenson, R. W. (2003). Blood, sweat and fears: The autonomic architecture of emotion. Annual New York Academy of Sciences, 1000, 348–366.
Levy, R. I. (1973), Tahitians: Mind and experience in the Society Islands. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Lewis, M., Alessandri, S. M., & Sullivan, M. W. (1992). Differences in shame and pride as a function of children’s gender and task difficulty. Child Development, 63(2), 630–638.
Lindholm, C. (1982). Generosity and jealousy: The Swat Pakhtun of Northern Pakistan. New York: Columbia University Press.
Lindholm, C. (2005). An anthropology of emotion. In C. Casey & R. B. Edgerton (Eds.), A compendion to psychological anthropology: Modernity and psychocultural change (pp. 30–47). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.
Lindisfarne, N. (1994). Variant masculinity, variant virginities: Rethinking “honour and shame.” In A. Cornwall & N. Lindisfarne (Eds.), Dislocating masculinity: Comparative ethnographies (pp. 23–55). London: Routledge.
Lipset, D. (1997). Mangrove man: Dialogics of culture in the Sepic Estuary. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Loewenstein, G. (2006). The pleasures and pains of information. Science, 312(5774), 704–706.
Lyon, M. L. (1999). Emotion and embodiment: The respiratory mediation of somatic and social processes. In A. L. Hinton (Ed.), Biocultural approaches to the emotions (pp. 182–212). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Magai, C., Distel, N., & Liker, R. (1995). Emotion socialisation, attachment, and patterns of adult emotional traits. Cognition and Emotion, 9(5), 461–481.
Marett, R. R. (1920). Psychology and folk-lore. London: Methuen.
Mariauzouls, C. (1996). Psychophysiologie von Scham und Erröten [The psychophysiology of shame and blushing]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Munich, Germany.
Mascolo, M. F., & Bhatia, S. (2002). The dynamic construction of culture, self and social relations. Psychology and Developing Societies, 14(1), 55–89.
Maslow, A. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370–396.
Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper.
Mauss, M. (1954). The gift: Forms and functions of exchange in archaic societies. London: Cohen & West.
Meggitt, M. J. (1967). The patterns of leadership among the Mae-Enga of New Guinea. Anthropological Forum, II(1), 20–35.
Meggitt, M. J. (1974). “Pigs are our hearts!” The Te exchange cycle among the Mae Enga of New Guinea. Oceania, XLIV(3), 165–203.
Meggitt, M. (1977). Blood is their argument: Warfare among the Mae Enga tribesmen of the New Guinea highlands. Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company.
Mellers, B. A., (2002). Group report: Effects of emotions and social processes on bounded rationality. In G. Gigerenzer & R. Selten (Eds.), Bounded rationality: The adaptive toolbox (pp. 263–279). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Meyer, C. (2005). “Mahnen, Prahlen, Drohen…”. Rhetorik und politische Organisation amerikanischer Indianer [Warn, boast, threaten: Rhetoric and political organization among American Indians]. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: IKO-Verlag für Interkulturelle Kommunikation.
Miller, G. (2006). Signs of empathy seen in mice. Science, 312(5782), 1860–1861.
Miller W. I. (1993). Humiliation and other essays on honor, social discomfort, and violence. New York: Cornell University Press.
Modigliani, A. (1971). Embarrassment, facework, and eye contact. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17(1), 15–24.
Mulkens, S., de Joung, P. T., Dobbelaar, A., & Bögels, S. M. (1999). Fear of blushing: Fearful preoccupation irrespective of facial coloration. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 119–1128.
NASA (2005). Review of self-esteem research: National Association for Self Esteem. Retrieved March 19, 2007from http://www.self-esteem-nase.org/research.shtml
Neckel, S. (1991). Status und Scham. Zur symbolischen Reproduktion sozialer Ungleichheit [Status and shame: The symbolic reproduction of social inequality]. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Campus.
Nussbaum, M. C. (2001). Upheavals of thought: The intelligence of emotions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Nye, R. A. (1993). Masculinity and male codes of honor in modern France. New York: Oxford University Press.
Öhman, A. (1986). Face the beast and fear the face: Animal and social fears as prototypes for evolutionary analyses of emotions. Psychophysiology, 23(2), 123–145.
Omark, D. R. (1980). The group: A factor or an epiphenomenon in evolution. In D. R. Omark, F. F. Strayer, & D. G. Freedman (Eds.), Dominance relations: An ethological view of human conflict and social interaction (pp. 21–67). New York: Garland STPM Press.
Ortner, S. B. (1975). On key symbols. American Anthropologist, 75(5), 1338–1346.
Ortner, S. B. (1978). The virgin and the state. Feminist Studies, 4(3), 19–35.
Ortner, S. B. (1981). Gender and sexuality in hierarchical societies: The case of Polynesia and some comparative implications. In S. B.Ortner & H. Whitehead (Eds.), Sexual meanings: The cultural construction of gender and sexuality (pp. 359–409). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Ortner, S. B., & Whitehead, H. (1981). Introduction: Accounting for sexual meaning. In S. B. Ortner & H. Whitehead (Eds.), Sexual meanings: The cultural construction of gender and sexuality (pp. 1–27). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Panksepp, J. (1994). The role of brain emotional systems in the construction of social systems. Politics and the Life Sciences, 13(1), 116–119.
Panksepp, J. (2003.) The archaeology of mind: The ancestral sources of human feelings. Soundings: An Interdisciplinary Journal, LXXXVI(1–2), 41–69.
Pina-Cabral, J. de (1989). The Mediterranean as a category of regional comparison: A critical view. Current Anthropology, 30(3), 399–406.
Pitt-Rivers, J. (1966). Honour and social status. In J. G. Peristiany (Ed.), Honour and shame: The values of Mediterranean society (pp. 19–77). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Pitt-Rivers, J. (1968). Honor. Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (Vol. 6, pp. 503–511). New York: Macmillan.
Preston, S. D., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2002). Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25(1), 1–72.
Pressman, S. D., & Cohen, S. (2005). Does positive affect influence health? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 925–971.
Putnam, L., Chambers, S. C., & Caulfield, S. (2005). Introduction: Transformations in honor, status, and law over the long nineteenth century. In S. Caulfield, S. C. Chambers, & L. Putnam (Eds.), Honor, status, and law in modern Latin America (pp. 1–24). London: Duke University Press.
Ramachandran, V. S., & Blakeslee, S. (1999). Phantoms in the brain: Human nature and the architecture of the mind. London: Fourth Estate.
Retzinger, S. M. (1987). Resentment and laughter: Video studies of the shame-rage spiral. In H. B. Lewis (Ed.), The role of shame in symptom formation (pp. 151–81). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Robins, R. W., Trzesniewski, K. H., Tracy, J. L., Gossling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2002). Global self-esteem across the life span. Psychology and Aging, 17(3), 423–434.
Rodriguez Mosquera, P. M., Mansteadt, A. S., & Fischer, A. H. (2000). The role of honor-related values in the elicitation, experience, and communication of pride, shame, and anger: Spain and the Netherlands compared. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(7), 833–844.
Rohner, R. P. (1975). They love me, they love me not: A worldwide study of the effects of parental acceptance and rejection. New Haven, CT: HRAF Press.
Rohrman, B. (1994). Risk perception of different societal groups: Australian findings and crossnational comparisons. Australian Journal of Psychology, 46(3), 150–163.
Rosen, R. (1978). On anticipatory systems: I. When can a system contain a predictive model of another? Journal of Social and Biological Structures, 1, 155–162.
Rosman, A., & Rubel, P. (1971). Feasting with mine enemy: Rank and exchange among Northwest Coast societies. New York: Columbia University Press.
Rubel, P., & Rosman, A. (1978). Your pigs you may not eat. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Sahlins, M. D. (1963). Poor man, rich man, big man, chief. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 5, 285–303.
Sapolsky, R. M. (2004). Social status and health in humans and other animals. Annual Review of Anthropology, 33, 393–418.
Scheff, T. J. (1987). The shame-rage spiral: A case study of an interminable quarrel. In H. B. Lewis (Ed.), The role of shame in symptom formation (pp. 109–49). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Schneider, J. (1971). Of vigilance and virgins: Honour, shame and access to resources in Mediterranean societies. Ethnology, 10(1), 1–24.
Sen, A. (1990). On ethics and economics. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Shaver, K. G. (1985). The attribution of blame: Causality, responsibility, and blameworthiness. New York: Springer.
Shearn, D. (1992). Blushing as a function of audience size. Psychophysiology, 29(4), 431–436.
Sheper-Hughes, N. (1994). Embodied knowledge: Thinking with the body in critical medical anthropology. In R. Borowsky (Ed.), Assessing cultural anthropology (pp. 229–242). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Shore, B. (1981). Sexuality and gender in Samoa: Conceptions and missed conceptions. In S. B. Ortner & H. Whitehead (Eds.), Sexual meanings: The cultural construction of gender and sexuality (pp. 192–215). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
Simmel, G. (1955/1971). Conflict. In D. N. Levine (Ed.), Georg Simmel: On individuality and social forms (pp. 70–95). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. (Reprint from Conflict and the Web of Group-Affiliation, pp. 13–28, 35–48 Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1955; original work published as “Der Streit” in Soziologie (Munich and Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1908).
Singer, T., Seymour, B., O’Doherty, J. P., Kaube, H., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, C. D. (2004a). Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory component of pain. Science, 303, 1157–1162.
Singer, T., Seymour, B., O’Doherty, J. P., Stephan, K. E., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, C. D. (2004b). Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others. Nature Advance Online Publication. Retrieved January 18, 2006 from 18.1.2006 (doi: 10.1038/nature04271).
Sjöberg, L. (1998). Worry and risk perception. Risk Analysis, 18(1), 85–93.
Smith, A. (1759). The theory of moral sentiments. London: A. Miller.
Steffenhagen, R. A., & Burns, J. D. (1987). The social dynamics of self-esteem: Theory to therapy. New York: Praeger.
Stepper, S. (1992). Der Einfluss der Körperhaltung auf die Emotion “Stolz” [The influence of posture on the emotion “pride”] Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Mannheim, Germany.
Stepper, S., & Strack, F. (1993). Proprioceptive determinants of emotional nonemotional feelings. Journal of Personality and Social Personality, 64(2), 211–220.
Steward, F. H. (1994). Honor. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Stipek., D. (1998). Differences between Americans and Chinese in the circumstances evoking pride, shame, and guilt. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29(5), 616–629.
Strathern, A. (1971). The rope of Moka: Big-men and ceremonial exchange in Mount Hagen New Guinea. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Strathern, A. (1993). Voices of conflict. Ethnology Monographs 14. Pittsburgh, PA: Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh.
Strauss, C. (1992a). Models and motives. In R. D’Andrade & C. Strauss (Eds.), Human motives and cultural models (pp. 1–20). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Strauss, C. (1992b). What makes Tony run? Schemas as motives reconsidered. In R. D’Andrade & C. Strauss (Eds.) Human motives and cultural models (pp. 191–224). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Tangney, J. P. (1999). The self-conscious emotions: Shame, guilt, embarrassment and pride. In T. Dalgleish & M. J. Power (Eds.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (pp. 541–568). New York: Wiley.
Tangney, J. P. (2002). Self-conscious emotions: The self as a moral guide. In A. Tesser (Ed.), Self and motivation: Emerging psychological perspectives (pp. 97–117). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Tood Romero, R. (2006) “Ranging foresters” and “women-like men”: Physical accomplishment, spiritual power, and Indian masculinity in early-seventeenth-century New England. Ethnohistory, 53(2), 281–329.
Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2004). Show your pride: Evidence for a discrete emotion expression. American Psychological Society, 15(3), 194–197.
Trompf, G. W. (1994). Payback. The logic of redistribution in Melanesian regions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tuckman, B. (1978). A distant mirror. The calamitous 14th century. New york: Ballantine Books.
Tuzin, D. F. (1982). Ritual violence among the Ilahita Arapesh: The dynamics of moral and religious uncertainty. In G. H. Herdt & R. M. Keesing (Eds.), Rituals of manhood: Male initiation in Papua New Guinea (pp. 312–355). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Tyler, T. R., & Blazer, S. L. (2002). Autonomous vs. comparative status: Must we be better than others to feel good about ourselves? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 89, 813–838.
Washburn, S. L. & Hamburg, D. A. (1968). Aggressive behaviour in Old World monkeys and apes. In P. Jay (Ed.), Primates: Studies in adaptation and variability (pp. 458–478). New york: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Webster, J. M., Duvall, J., Gaines, L. M., & Smith, R. H. (2003). The roles of praise and social comparison information in the experience of pride. Journal of Social Psychology, 143(2), 209–232.
Weisfeld, G. E. (1980). Social dominance and human motivation. In D. R. Omark, F. F. Strayer, & D. G. Freedman (Eds.), Dominance relations: An ethological view of human conflict and social interaction (pp. 273–286). New York: Garland STPM Press.
Weisfeld, G. E. (1997). Discrete emotions theory with specific reference to pride and shame. In N. L. Sega, G. E. Weisfeld, & C. C. Weisfeld (Eds.), Uniting psychology and biology: Integrative perspectives on human development (pp. 429–443). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Whitehead, H. (1981). The bow and the burden strap: A new look at institutionalized homosexuality in native North America. In S. B. Ortner & H. Whitehead (Eds.), Sexual meanings: The cultural construction of gender and sexuality (pp. 80–115). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Wolf, J. (2003). Scanlon on well-being. Ratio (New Series), XVI(4), 332–345.
Wolputte, S. van (2004). Hang on to your self: Of bodies, embodiment, and selves. Annual Review of Anthropology, 33, 251–269.
Worthman, C. M. (1999). Emotions: You can feel the difference. In A. L. Hinton (Ed.), Biocultural approaches to the emotions (pp. 41–74). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Wurmser, L. (1981). The mask of shame. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.
Wyatt-Brown, B. (1982). Southern honor: Ethics and behavior in the Old South. New York: Oxford University Press.
Yates, J. F., & Stone, E. R. (1992). Risk appraisal. In J. F.Yates (Ed.), Risk-taking behavior (pp. 49–85). New York: Wiley.
Zammuner, V. L. (1996). Felt emotions and verbally communicated emotions: The case of pride. European Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 233–245.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Casimir, M.J. (2009). “Honor and Dishonor” and the Quest for Emotional Equivalents. In: Markowitsch, H., Röttger-Rössler, B. (eds) Emotions as Bio-cultural Processes. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09546-2_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09546-2_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-74134-5
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-09546-2
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)