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Strict Responsibility, Moral and Criminal

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Notes

  1. See J.L. Austin, “A Plea for Excuses,” in Philosophical Papers (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961), p. 124.

  2. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, trans. W.D. Ross, rev. J.L. Ackrill and J.O. Urmson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), bk. III, s. 1.

  3. See H.L.A. Hart, Punishment and Responsibility (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968), p. 28; see also Michael Moore, Placing Blame (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 42, and Peter Westen, “An Attitudinal Theory of Excuse,” Law and Philosophy 25 (2006).

  4. See George Fletcher, Rethinking Criminal Law (Boston: Little Brown, 1978), p. 688; see also John Gardner, Offences and Defences (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), esp. pp. 121–139; Jeremy Horder, Excusing Crime (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004); and Victor Tadros, Criminal Responsibility (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), chs. 4 & 11.

  5. See Criminal Damage Act, 1971, s. 1(1); Model Penal Code, s. 220.3(1).

  6. See the German Criminal Code (Strafgesetzbuch), s. 35.

  7. Austin, op. cit., p. 124.

  8. See Gardner, op. cit., esp. pp. 82–87.

  9. See Woolmington v DPP [1935] AC 462, 481 (Viscount Sankey).

  10. Cf. Model Penal Code s. 1.12(2)–(3).

  11. See Andrew Simester, ed., Appraising Strict Liability (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).

  12. See John Lucas, Responsibility (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993); Gary Watson, “Reasons and Responsibility,” in Agency and Answerability (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 289–317; see also Antony Duff, Answering for Crime (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2007), ch. 1.

  13. Perjury Act, 1911, s. 1.

  14. See Hudson and Taylor [1971] 2 QB 202.

  15. Cf. Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority [1986] AC 112.

  16. See Raimond Gaita, Good and Evil: An Absolute Conception 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 2004), esp. ch. 3.

  17. See Duff, op. cit., chs. 2, 4; Sandra Marshall and Antony Duff, “Criminalization and Sharing Wrongs,” Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 11 (1998).

  18. See Gardner, op. cit., chs. 4, 6, 9; Horder, op. cit.; see also Tadros, op. cit., chs. 11–12, and Marcia Baron, “Justifications and Excuses,” Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 2 (2005).

  19. Criminal Procedure (Insanity and Unfitness to Plead) Act, 1991, ss. 2–3; also see Antony Duff, Lindsay Farmer, Sandra Marshall, and Victor Tadros, The Trial on Trial III: Towards a Normative Theory of the Criminal Trial (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2007).

  20. Cf. Aristotle, op. cit., bk. III, s.1, 1110b2–3.

  21. Austin, op. cit., p. 124.

  22. See Model Penal Code § 2.01; Joshua Dressler, Understanding Criminal Law 4th ed. (New York: Lexis, 2006), p. 91; see also David Ormerod, Smith & Hogan: Criminal Law 11th ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 47–48, and Hill v Baxter [1958] 1 QB 277, discussed by Hart, op. cit., pp. 92–95.

  23. See John Fischer and Mark Ravizza, Responsibility and Control (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1998); see also Duff, op. cit., pp. 69–72.

  24. Cf. Hart, op. cit., pp. 227–230; see also Tadros, op. cit., pp. 55–57.

  25. See Horder, op. cit., pp. 8–10, 103–106; see also Tadros, op. cit., pp. 124–129; Gardner, op. cit., pp. 177–200; and Duff, op. cit., pp. 284–291.

  26. See Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act, 1964, s. 1(1).

  27. See Sexual Offences Act, 2003, s. 5.

  28. Misuse of Drugs Act, 1971, ss. 28(3) & 5(1)–(2).

  29. See Bernard Williams, Moral Luck (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1981), pp. 27–31.

  30. Ibid., pp. 102–103.

  31. See Joel Feinberg, Harm to Self (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 269–315; see also Michael Zimmerman, An Essay on Moral Responsibility (Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield, 1988), pp. 74–91.

  32. Gardner, op. cit., pp. 150–151; see also John Gardner, “Obligations and Outcomes in the Law of Torts,” in Peter Cane and John Gardner, eds., Relating to Responsibility (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2001) 111–143, and “Wrongs and Faults,” in Simester, op. cit., pp. 67–69.

  33. See Duff, op. cit., pp. 220–225.

  34. See Andrew Ashworth and Meredith Blake, “The Presumption of Innocence in English Criminal Law,” Criminal Law Review (1996).

  35. Food Safety Act, 1990, s. 8.

  36. See Misuse of Drugs Act, 1971, ss. 5(1)–(2), 28(3); see also Terrorism Act, 2000, s. 57.

  37. Sexual Offences Act, 2003, s. 75; see also Prevention of Corruption Act, 1916, s. 2; Dangerous Dogs Act, 1991, s. 5; Proceeds of Crime Act, 2002, s. 10; and Sexual Offences Act, 2003, ss. 17–19.

  38. Health and Safety at Work etc. Act, 1974, s. 2.

  39. See Nimmo v Alexander Cowan & Sons [1968] AC 107; Hunt [1987] AC 352.

  40. See Woolmington v DPP [1935] AC 462, 481.

  41. See Zafir et al. [2008] EWCA Crim 184; see also Victor Tadros, “Justice and Terrorism,” New Criminal Law Review 10 (2007), pp. 670–679.

  42. Terrorism Act, 2000, s. 57(2).

  43. Ibid., s. 118(2).

  44. Cf. John Braithwaite and Philip Pettit, Not Just Deserts (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 63–68.

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    R. A. Duff

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Duff, R.A. Strict Responsibility, Moral and Criminal. J Value Inquiry 43, 295–313 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10790-009-9183-7

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