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“I like her very much—she has very good brains.”: Dorothy Wrinch’s Influence on Bertrand Russell

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Bertrand Russell, Feminism, and Women Philosophers in his Circle

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Abstract

In this chapter I critically examine the hitherto neglected influence that Dorothy Wrinch had on her teacher, friend, and informal thesis adviser, Bertrand Russell, and the puzzling fact that Russell never cited Wrinch’s mathematical papers on Principia Mathematica. Wrinch never reshaped Russell’s general outlook; indeed, Wrinch adopted as her own many of Russell’s 1911–1919 views about logic, philosophy, science, and their relationships that are characteristic of logic-centered twentieth-century analytic philosophy. Still, the influence was not just in one direction, from teacher to student, but also ran the other way. And while Wrinch’s own life and ideas have enjoyed far more attention in recent literature, most historians of philosophy have, for too long, largely overlooked how Wrinch influenced Russell. Here I critically discuss how Wrinch influenced Russell and tell a more well-rounded story of mutual influence and collaboration.

A draft of this paper was written while an Izaak Walton Killam Postdoctoral Fellow in Philosophy at the University of Alberta. That draft was presented at the 2021 workshop, Feminism and Philosophical Women in Russell’s Circle. Thanks to that workshop’s participants and to its audience for their critical feedback, and to Alexander Klein for co-organizing that workshop. Thanks also to Bernard Linsky for helpful comments on the piece and to Gregory Landini for helpful discussion of the piece.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Nicholas Griffin (1985), Peter Hanks (2007), Samuel Lebens (2017), James Connelly (2021), and Giulia Felappi (2021, 2022).

  2. 2.

    Some facets of Wrinch’s early work in logic and mathematics are still underappreciated or ill-understood and consequently—in my blunt estimation of the extant literature in history of philosophy—we lack a full appreciation of Wrinch’s thought—of its subtleties, anticipations of later philosophical ideas, and of its intrinsic interests for philosophers today trying to figure out how to practice Russellian scientific philosophy (spoiler: in one extraordinary lifetime, Wrinch showed us how to be a practicing scientific philosopher and how not to be one).

  3. 3.

    “…girls have the same right to knowledge as boys.” (Russell 1923: 173)

  4. 4.

    “It ought to be equally the case among girls, who should have precisely the same standards of courage.” (Russell 1923: 90)

  5. 5.

    “Some boys and girls are cleverer than others, and can derive more benefit from higher education.” (Russell 1923: 16)

  6. 6.

    “It should, however, be one of the aims of education before fourteen to discover the special aptitudes in boys and girls, so that, where they exist, they may be carefully developed in the later years.” (Russell 1923: 205)

  7. 7.

    “I should, therefore, at the age of sixteen, allow a boy or girl to specialize in science or to specialize in mathematics, without entirely neglecting the branch not chosen. Similar remarks apply to modern humanities.” (Russell 1923: 218)

  8. 8.

    The other three students were Wallace Armstrong, Victor Lenzen, and Jean Nicod (Senechal 2013: 58).

  9. 9.

    Formally, the thesis was advised by G. H. Hardy because Russell had been expelled from Trinity College on account of his pacifist stance during World War I (Senechal 2020: 235).

  10. 10.

    Some describe this book as a work of “sociology,” as on Wrinch’s Wikipedia page (accessed 28 February 2021; it has since been revised). This description misleads somewhat because Wrinch’s concern in this book is with what we now understand as public health, understood to include psychological and physical health. Wrinch (1930: xii) frames her constructive proposals in just this way, as a matter of both “preventative medicine to protect the child from the moment of conception until he reaches the school door” and providing a standard of comfort and relief to professional working parents, so as to give them the best of their parenthood and their profession rather than set them up in conflict. It is, however, true that Wrinch’s proposal for changing parenting arrangements would dramatically alter the social institutions that relate to child rearing as we know it today.

  11. 11.

    Russell on the other hand does not cite Wrinch’s Retreat in his own book on family issues, Marriage & Morals. Russell’s book was published in 1929, a year earlier, and so could not cite a book manuscript that he had not seen.

  12. 12.

    Russell’s letter to Wrinch is quoted in (Senechal 2013: 104).

  13. 13.

    Russell (1921: 187) appends to the chapter’s conclusion the remark, “This analysis of memory is probably extremely faulty, but I do not know how to improve it.” Perhaps all philosophical works should conclude so.

  14. 14.

    Russell (1921: 233) reasons that the act of judgment is not experienced as feelings of belief are: “The objections to the act (in the case of presentations) are not valid against the believing in the case of beliefs, because the believing is an actual experienced feeling, not something postulated, like the act.”

  15. 15.

    For Russell (1921: 175–176), such specific feelings also essentially distinguish recollections from imaginings because the mere content of recollections and imaginings are intrinsically indistinguishable. It is the feeling of belief present in recollecting, and absent in imaginings, that distinguishes the two.

  16. 16.

    Henri Bergson (1911: 87) wrote, “The past survives under two distinct forms: first, in motor mechanisms; secondly, in independent recollections.”

  17. 17.

    Russell does not mean to imply that all true memories are veridical, so ‘truth-apt’ or ‘truth-evaluable’ would have been a more apt phrase.

  18. 18.

    “Thus the essence of memory is not constituted by the image, but by having immediately before the mind an object which is recognised as past.” (Russell 1912: 180)

  19. 19.

    All of Russell’s Brixton Prison letters have now been published by McMaster University’s Bertrand Russell Research Centre at https://russell-letters.mcmaster.ca/.

  20. 20.

    “Miss Wrinch writes most enthusiastically about Garsington and about you. I will send you her letter when I can. From what she writes and Demos says I see they don’t understand the new ideas I am at. It is no wonder, as my ideas are still rather vague. I know they are very important and novel, but I can’t get expression for them yet.” (Slater 1986: 249)

  21. 21.

    I do not know why Wrinch, who was quite familiar with Principia’s symbolism, would use the notation for a binary relation-in-extension ‘aRb’ rather than the notation for a binary relation-in-intension ‘R(a, b)’ for a is an image of b.

  22. 22.

    See Susanna Siegel (2012) for critical discussion and references, although Siegel focuses on visual experiences.

  23. 23.

    Of course, Wrinch’s piece also was influenced by Russell, but the converse direction is our focus here.

  24. 24.

    Manuscript notes dating back to 1918 outline an analysis of memory similar to the one that Russell offers in fuller detail in The Analysis of Mind (Russell, 1986b: 261–262). Russell’s syllabuses for various courses on philosophy of mind, some going back at least to mid-1919, outline the theory of memory described with fuller detail in The Analysis of Mind (Russell, 1988c: 477, 482).

  25. 25.

    Regarding Russell’s influence on Wrinch, see Marjorie Senechal’s essay in this volume and her 2013 book.

  26. 26.

    Regarding Russell’s behavior and attitude towards women who were not his students, and who had secured or who were pursuing academic careers, see both Frederique Janssen-Lauret’s essay and David Loner’s essay in this volume.

  27. 27.

    “I am here for the moment treating Socrates as a “particular.” But we shall see shortly that this view requires modification.” (Russell, 1986a: 164, footnote 1)

  28. 28.

    “…in judging, the actual objects concerning which we judge, rather than any supposedly purely mental entities, are constituents of the complex which is the judgment.” (Russell 1911/1992: 156)

  29. 29.

    Thanks to Christopher Pincock for his helpful correspondence about this Russell-Ramsey correspondence.

  30. 30.

    “From what I know of Mr. Ramsey’s work—which I greatly admire—I incline to the view that he is right on this point.” (Russell 1931/1996: 91)

  31. 31.

    An inductive cardinal in Principia’s sense is a cardinal in the posterity of 0 under the relation +1. A reflexive class is one that is similar to a proper subclass of itself and a reflexive cardinal is the homogeneous cardinal number of a reflexive class. In Principia, it is shown that if Mult ax, then all and only inductive cardinals are non-reflexive cardinals; without Mult ax, there may be cardinals that are neither reflexive nor inductive, and these are mediate cardinals in Principia’s sense.

  32. 32.

    Compare also the complicated story between Russell’s feminism in public and his private treatment of his spouses; see Brian Harrison (1984) for critical discussion.

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Elkind, L.D.C. (2024). “I like her very much—she has very good brains.”: Dorothy Wrinch’s Influence on Bertrand Russell. In: Elkind, L.D.C., Klein, A.M. (eds) Bertrand Russell, Feminism, and Women Philosophers in his Circle. History of Analytic Philosophy. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33026-1_10

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