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Introduction: Animals ‘caught with ourselves in the net of life and time’

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Animals as Experiencing Entities

Part of the book series: The Palgrave Macmillan Animal Ethics Series ((PMAES))

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Abstract

This chapter motivates for expanding research into animals’ subjective historical experiences. It argues that over the last several decades, diverse disciplines have explored animals’ capacities for felt, subjective states and that historians and theorists can draw on such research to validate animals’ experiences in their own research. It also provides an overview of the chapters contained in this volume.

Henry Beston. The Outermost House: A Year of Life on the Great Beach of Cape Cod. New York: The Viking Press, [1928] 1969, 25.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Timo Maran et al., Animal Umwelten in a Changing World: Zoosemiotic Perspectives (Tartu: University of Tartu Press, 2016); Morten Tønnessen, ‘Making the Umwelt Bubble of the Modern Synthesis Burst’, Biosemiotics 14, no. 1 (2021): 121–125; Kalevi Kull, ‘Zoosemiotics Is the Study of Animal Forms of Knowing’, Semiotica 2014, no. 198 (2014), 47–60; Ed Yong, An Immense World: How Animal Senses Reveal the Hidden Realms Around Us (London: The Bodley Head, 2022).

  2. 2.

    For histories which endeavour to include animals’ experiences, see discussion by Violette Pouillard. ‘Animal Biographies: Beyond Archetypal Figures’ Journal of Animal Ethics 12, 2 (2022): 182–178, and for histories which use animal biographical approaches, see John Simons, Obaysch. A Hippopotamus in Victorian London (Sydney: Sydney University Press, 2019), Éric Baratay. Biographies animales: Des vies retrouvée (France: Seuil, 2017) and Krebber, A., & Roscher, M. (Eds.) Animal Biography. Re-framing Animal Lives (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018).

  3. 3.

    Éric Baratay, Le Point de Vue Animal: Une Autre Version de l’histoire [The Animal Perspective: Another Side of the Story] (Paris: Seuil, 2012), 30.

  4. 4.

    Éric Baratay translated by Stephanie Posthumus, ‘Building an Animal History’, in Louisa Mackenzie and Stephanie Posthumus, eds., French Thinking About Animals, The Animal Turn (Michigan: Michigan State University Press, 2015), 4.

  5. 5.

    Ewa Domańska, ‘Animal History.’ History & Theory 56, 2 (2017): 267–287. Brett Walker, The Lost Wolves of Japan (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2009), 26, 32, 176, 177. Pouillard, 2022, 178.

  6. 6.

    Charles Darwin, The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (London: John Murray 1873).

  7. 7.

    Marc Bekoff. Animals Matter: A Biologist Explains Why We Should Treat Animals with Compassion and Respect. New York: Random House, 2007; Carl Safina, Beyond Words: What Animals Think and Feel. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2015; Frans de Waal. Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are? New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2016; Peter Godfrey-Smith. Other Minds: The Octopus, the Sea, and the Deep Origins of Consciousness. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2016.

  8. 8.

    Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson, The Pig Who Sang to the Moon: The Emotional World of Farm Animals. (London: Jonathan Cape, 2004).

  9. 9.

    Jonathan Balcombe, Pleasurable Kingdom: Animals and the Nature of Feeling Good (London: Macmillan, 2006), Marc Bekoff, The Emotional Lives of Animals: A Leading Scientist Explores Animal Joy, Sorrow, and Empathy – And Why They Matter (California: New World Library, 2007).

  10. 10.

    Frans de Waal, The Age of Empathy: Nature’s Lessons for a Kinder Society (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2009), Tim Birkhead, Bird Sense: What It’s Like to Be a Bird (London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012), Teya Brooks Pribac, Enter the Animal: Cross-species Perspectives on Grief and Spirituality (Sydney: Sydney University Press, 2021).

  11. 11.

    Jonathan Balcombe, What a Fish Knows: The Inner Lives of our Underwater Cousins (London: Oneworld, 2016).

  12. 12.

    Yong, An Immense World, 11.

  13. 13.

    Yong, An Immense World, 5.

  14. 14.

    Yong, An Immense World, 150–151, 330.

  15. 15.

    Marc Bekoff, ‘Animal Emotions: Exploring Passionate Natures’, BioScience 50, no. 10 (2000): 863.

  16. 16.

    Eben Kirksey and Stefan Helmreich, ‘The Emergence of Multispecies Ethnography’, Cultural Anthropology 25, no. 4 (2010): 545.

  17. 17.

    Dominique Lestel and Hollis Taylor, ‘Shared life: An introduction’, Social Science Information 52, no. 2 (2013): 183.

  18. 18.

    David Hume. A Treatise of Human Nature, ed. L. A. Selby-Bigge (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, [1739] 1951), 176.

  19. 19.

    Mariska E. Kret, Jorg J. M. Massen, and Frans B. M. de Waal, ‘My Fear Is Not, and Never Will Be, Your Fear: On Emotions and Feelings in Animals’, Affective Science 3, no. 1 (2022): 187.

  20. 20.

    Kret, Massen, and de Waal, 187.

  21. 21.

    Carl Safina, ‘Animals Think and Feel: Précis of Beyond Words: What Animals Think and Feel (Safina 2015)’, Animal Sentience 1, no. 2 (2016): 3.

  22. 22.

    Peter Godfrey-Smith. Other Minds: The Octopus, the Sea, and the Deep Origins of Consciousness. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2016.

  23. 23.

    Anita Avramides, ‘Other Minds’, in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Edward N. Zalta, Winter 2020 (Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 2020), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/other-minds/.

  24. 24.

    Lars Chittka, ‘Insects Feel Joy and Pain’, Scientific American, July 2023, accessed 14 July 2023. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0723-26. See also David DeGrazia, “Sentience and Consciousness as Bases for Attributing Interests and Moral Status: Considering the Evidence and Speculating Slightly Beyond.” In Neuroethics and Nonhuman Animals, eds. L. Johnson, A. Fenton, and A. Shriver (Cham: Springer 2020), 17–31.

  25. 25.

    Lauren Stanton, Matthew Sullivan, and Jilian Fazio, ‘A Standardized Ethogram for the Felidae: A Tool for Behavioral Researchers’, Applied Animal Behaviour Science 173 (2015), 3–16.

  26. 26.

    Frans de Waal. Mama’s Last Hug: Animal Emotions and What They Tell Us About Ourselves. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2020; Catia Correia-Caeiro Anne Burrows, Duncan Wilson, Abdelhady Abdelrahman, and Tatako Miyabe-Nishiwaki. ‘CalliFACS: The Common Marmoset Facial Action Coding System’, PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (2022): 1–44; Jen Wathan, Anne Burrows, Bridget Waller, and Karen McComb. ‘EquiFACS: The Equine Facial Action Coding System’, PLOS ONE 10, no. 8 (2015): 1–35.

  27. 27.

    Charles Foster, Being a Beast (Suffolk: Profile Books, 2016).

  28. 28.

    Jonathan P. Balcombe, Pleasurable Kingdom (Basingstoke UK: Macmillan, 2007).

  29. 29.

    de Waal, Mama’s Last Hug.

  30. 30.

    Michael A. Pardo et al., ‘Wild Acorn Woodpeckers Recognize Associations Between Individuals in Other Groups’, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1882 (2018): 1–7; de Waal, Mama’s Last Hug.

  31. 31.

    Ronald G. Oldfield, ‘You Can’t Betray a Fish: One Reason Eating Fish May Cause Less Harm Than Eating Cows.’ Journal of Animal Ethics 12, no. 1 (2022): 51–58; Jonathan P. Balcombe, ‘The Betrayed Fish: Reply to Oldfield’, Journal of Animal Ethics 12, no. 1 (Spring 2022): 59–62.

  32. 32.

    de Waal, Mama’s Last Hug.

  33. 33.

    Aristotle, ‘Politics’, accessed 20 March 2016, http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/politics.1.one.html.

  34. 34.

    Chapter 5 Les Mitchell, Reading the Animal Text in the Landscape of the Damned (Grahamstown: NISC, 2019).

  35. 35.

    Les Mitchell, ‘Moral Disengagement and Support for Nonhuman Animal Farming’, Society & Animals 19, no. 1 (2011): 38–58.

  36. 36.

    Lisa Johnson, Power, Knowledge, Animals (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), 100.

  37. 37.

    Jonathan Birch, ‘Animal Liberation – Then and Now’, Nature, 618 (2023): 668. Peter Singer, Animal Liberation Now (London: Bodley Head, 2023).

  38. 38.

    Norman Fairclough, Language and Power. (Harlow: Pearson Education, 2001).

  39. 39.

    Fairclough, Language and Power.

  40. 40.

    Joan Dunayer, Animal Equality: Language and Liberation (Derwood, Maryland: Ryce Publishing, 2001); Arran Stibbe, ‘As Charming as a Pig: The Discursive Construction of the Relationship Between Pigs and Humans’, Society & Animals 11, no. 4 (2003): 375–392; Les Mitchell, ‘Nonhumans and the Ideology of Purpose’, Anthrozoös 25, no. 4 (2012): 491–502.

  41. 41.

    Mitchell, ‘Moral Disengagement and Support for Nonhuman Animal Farming’.

  42. 42.

    ‘Anthropomorphism | Etymology, Origin and Meaning of Anthropomorphism by Etymonline’, accessed 16 June 2023, https://www.etymonline.com/word/anthropomorphism.

  43. 43.

    Kristin Andrews and Brian Huss, ‘Anthropomorphism, Anthropectomy, and the Null Hypothesis’, Biology & Philosophy 29, no. 5 (2014): 711.

  44. 44.

    Ed Yong, An Immense World: How Animal Senses Reveal the Hidden Realms Around Us (London: The Bodley Head, 2022), 12.

  45. 45.

    Raymond Nelson, “Behaviorism is false.” The Journal of Philosophy 66, no. 14 (1969): 417–452.

  46. 46.

    Carl Safina, ‘Animals Think and Feel: Précis of Beyond Words: What Animals Think and Feel (Safina 2015)’, Animal Sentience 1, no. 2 (2016): 3.

  47. 47.

    Harriet Ritvo, “Recent Work in Animal History (and How We Got Here).” The Journal of Modern History 94, 2 (2022): 404–419. Joshua Specht, ‘Animal History after Its Triumph: Unexpected Animals, Evolutionary Approaches, and the Animal Lens’, History Compass 14, 7 (2016), 326.

  48. 48.

    Frederick Brown, The City Is More Than Human: An Animal History of Seattle. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2016. See, for example, Emily O’Gorman and Andrea Gaynor, ‘More-Than-Human-Histories’, Environmental History, 25, 4 (2020): 711.

  49. 49.

    Aaron Skabelund, ‘Animals and Imperialism: Recent Historiographical Trends’, History Compass 11, 10 (2013): 801–807. Specht 2016.

  50. 50.

    Andria Pooley-Ebert, ‘A Comparative Study of Horse–Human Relationships in Chicago and Rural Illinois’ ‘Introduction’ in The Historical Animal, Susan Nance (ed). New York: Syracuse University Press, 2015, 152.

  51. 51.

    Ibid.

  52. 52.

    Pooley-Ebert in Susan Nance, ed., The Historical Animal, First edition (Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 2015), 152.

  53. 53.

    Erica Fudge, ‘What Was It Like to Be a Cow? History and Animal Studies’, in L. Kalof (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Animal Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017). Ewa Domańska, ‘Animal History’, History & Theory 56, 2 (2017), 282; Brett Walker, The Lost Wolves of Japan (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2009), 26, 32, 176, 177.

  54. 54.

    Éric Baratay translated by S. Posthumus ‘Building an Animal History’, in Louisa Mackenzie and Stephanie Posthumus (eds.), French Thinking About Animals (Michigan: Michigan State University Press, 2015), 5.

  55. 55.

    Susan Nance, ‘Introduction’ in The Historical Animal, Susan Nance (ed). New York: Syracuse University Press, 2015, 7.

  56. 56.

    Eric Baratay, Le Point de Vue Animal: Une Autre Version de l’histoire [The Animal Perspective: Another Side of the Story] (Paris: Seuil, 2012). Walker, 2009.

  57. 57.

    John Simons. Obaysch. A Hippopotamus in Victorian London. (Sydney: Sydney University Press, 2019). Andre Krebber and Mieke Roscher (eds.) Animal Biography. Re-framing Animal Lives (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018).

  58. 58.

    Simons, Animal Biography , 9.

  59. 59.

    For an interesting recent discussion, see Jacob Brandler, Do “Animals” Have Histor(ies)? Can/Should Humans Know Them? A Heuristic Reframing of Animal-Human Relationships. Journal of Animal Ethics 12 (2), 2022: 148–157.

  60. 60.

    Andrew Flack, “Dark Trails: Animal Histories Beyond the Light of Day” Environmental History 27, no. 2 (2022): 215–241.

  61. 61.

    These include but are not limited to Sandra Swart. “‘It Is As Bad To Be a Black Man’s Animal As It Is To Be a Black Man’ – The Politics of Species in Sol Plaatje’s Native Life in South Africa.” Journal of Southern African Studies 40, 4 (2014): 689–705. Susan Nance, ‘Introduction’ in The Historical Animal (ed) Susan Nance. New York: Syracuse University Press, 2015, 7. Jonathan Saha, ‘Colonizing Elephants: Animal Agency, Undead Capital and Imperial Science in British Burma’, BJHS Themes 2 (2017), 169–189; Michael Glover. ‘Cattle and colonialism: an animal-centred history of southern Africa 1652–1980s’ (PhD dissertation) Leiden: Leiden University, 2021. Michael Glover. ““That other me, down and dreaming”: an Animal Perspective Critique of Decoloniality Theory.” Social Dynamics. Online First. (2023): 1–20.

  62. 62.

    Jennifer Bonnell and Sean Kheraj, (eds). Traces of the Animal Past: Methodological Challenges in Animal History. University of Calgary Press 2022. Roscher, Mieke, André Krebber, and Brett Mizelle, (eds). Handbook of Historical Animal Studies. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, 2021. Hilda Kean and Philip Howell (eds.) The Routledge Companion to Animal-human History (Abingdon: Routledge, 2019), Clemens Wischermann and Aline Steinbrecher (eds). Animal History in the Modern City: Exploring Liminality (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018). For examples which include historical subjective experiences, see Violette Pouillard. “Visions of Concord: Wild animals and the Garden of the Revolution (Jardin des Plantes menagerie, 1793–c. 1820).” Journal for the History of Environment and Society 4 (2019): 11–40. J. Keri Cronin, ‘”And has not art promoted our work also?” Visual Culture in Animal-Human History’ in The Routledge Companion to Animal-Human History (eds.) Hilda Kean and Phillip Howell. London: Routledge, 2019, 263. Sarah Cockram, ‘History of Emotions’ in Handbook of Historical Animal Studies (eds.) Mieke Roscher, André Krebber and Brett Mizelle (Berlin: DeGruyter, 2021), 409.

  63. 63.

    Paulette Regan, Unsettling the Settler Within: Indian Residential Schools, Truth Telling, and Reconciliation. Toronto: UBC Press, 2010, 6.

  64. 64.

    The essay is originally from Laura Gustafsson and Terike Haapoja’s book History According to Cattle (2015) and is an introduction to Gustafsson & Haapoja’s project Museum of the History of Cattle, which is a travelling ethnographic museum aimed at acknowledging that alternative modes of experience exist. Laura Gustafsson and Terike Haapoja, ‘History According to Cattle’, in Laura Gustafsson and Terike Haapoja History According to Cattle (New York: Punctum Books, 2015), 2–3.

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Correspondence to Michael J. Glover .

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Glover, M.J., Mitchell, L. (2024). Introduction: Animals ‘caught with ourselves in the net of life and time’. In: Glover, M.J., Mitchell, L. (eds) Animals as Experiencing Entities. The Palgrave Macmillan Animal Ethics Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46456-0_1

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