Abstract
The inability of traditional Shi’a jurisprudents to respond to the challenges in the field of human rights and the rights of religious minorities, which is rooted in the denial of human dignity and the emphasis on religious dignity, has led to the emergence of a new discourse among contemporary Shi’a jurisprudents in Iran in recent years. This group of jurists known as reformist jurists seeks to re-evaluate the jurisprudential laws, re-interpret the Shari’a and find a way out of the religion to reduce the existing conflict with the universal human rights standards. The opinions of this group of jurists, albeit criticized by the traditional scholars, have been welcomed by young clerics. To understand the main aspects of this jurisprudential dispute, two main questions have been considered by the researchers: What are the main principles of human rights in the thoughts of traditionalist and reformist jurists in Iran? And how differently have the reformist jurists conceptualized the subject of human rights? To answer these questions, the impact of traditional jurisprudents on the formulation of the current constitution of Iran is studied and the main differences between the views of traditional and modern jurists are evaluated.
References
Abedi, Hadi, and Asef Foruzan, “Interview with Ayatollah Saanei, Etemade Melli Newspaper, January First, 2005. Accessed February 7, 2014. http://saanei.org/?view=01,00,04,79,50#01,01,04,51,50Search in Google Scholar
Akhtar, Syed Waheed. “Human Rights: A Comparison of the Western and Islamic Views and Practices,” 2012. Accessed February 7, 2014. http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=5244.Search in Google Scholar
Baghi, Emadaddin. 2003. Goftemanhaye Diniye Moaser” (Contemporary Religious Discourse). Tehran: saraii.Search in Google Scholar
Bastenegar, Mohammad. 2006. “Hoquqe Bashar dar Goftemane Dini (Human Rights in Islamic Discourse).” Baztabe Andishe 78.Search in Google Scholar
Dabashi, Hamid, Seyed. Hossein Nasr, and Seyed. Vali. Reza Nasr. 1989. Expectation of the Millennium: Shiʻism in History. New York: State University of New York Press.Search in Google Scholar
Dahlen, Ashk. 2003. Islamic Law, Epistemology and Modernity: Legal Philosophy in Contemporary Iran. New York: Rutledge.10.4324/9780203504239Search in Google Scholar
Duderija, Adis. 2014. Maqasid al-Shari’a and Contemporary Reformist Muslim Thought: An Examination. New York: Palgrave.10.1057/9781137319418Search in Google Scholar
Eslami. Somea, Reza. “Human rights in sharia and Iran Constitutional and Legal System: the Case of Freedom of Expression”, PhD diss., Montreal University, 2001.Search in Google Scholar
Halliday, Fred. 2003. Islam and the Myth of Confrontation. Religion and Politics in the Middle East. New York: I.B. Tauris.Search in Google Scholar
Hunter, Shireen T. 2008. Reformist voices of Islam: mediating Islam and modernity, New York: M.E. Sharpe.Search in Google Scholar
Irr, Caren. 2003. “Who Owns Our Culture? Intellectual Property, Human Rights and Globalization.” In Constricting Human Rights in the Age of Globalization, edited by M. Monshipouri, North Castel: M.E. Sharpe.Search in Google Scholar
Ja’fari, Mohammad Taqi. 2007. Hoqquqe Jahaniye Bashar: Tahqqiq Va Tatbiq Dar Do Nezame Islam Va Qarb” (Universal Human Rights from Islamic and Western Viewpoints). Tehran: The institute for Compilation and Publication of Allame Ja’fari’s Works.Search in Google Scholar
Javadi Amoli, Abdollah. 2007. Falsafeye Hoquqe Bashar” (Philosophy of Human Rights). Qom: Asra.Search in Google Scholar
Kadivar, Mohsen. 2006. “‘Hoquqe Qeyre Mosalmanan Dar Eslam Moaser’ (Non-Muslims Rights in Contemporary Islam).” Majaleye Aain 6: 69–72.Search in Google Scholar
Kadivar, Mohsen. 2008. Ḥaqq al-Nas: Islam va Ḥuquqe Bashar” (The Rights of Mankind: Islam and Human Rights). Tehran: Kavir publisher.Search in Google Scholar
Khomeini, Rouhollah. 1999. Sahifeye Nour” (Book of Light). Vol. 21, Tehran: The Institute for Compilation and Publication of Imam Khomeini’s works.Search in Google Scholar
Khorsandiyan, Mohammad Ali. 2008. “Noandishiye Ejtehad Mehvar Va Roshanfekriye Moaser (Ijtihad Based Reform and Contemporary Intellectualism).” Faslnameye Olume Siyasi 44: 61–82.Search in Google Scholar
Mesbah Yazdi, Mohammad. Taqi. 2001. Chaleshha va Kavoshha” (The Challenges and the Researches). Qom: Imam Khomeini Educational and Research Institute.Search in Google Scholar
Mir-Hosseini, Ziba, “Women and the Sharia in the Islamic Republic of Iran: A Changing Relationship”. Paper presented at the Women, Culture and Modernity, Carsten Niebuhr Institute of Near Eastern Studies conference, Copenhagen, February 18-21, 1996.Search in Google Scholar
Mohammadi Gorgani, Mohammad. 2009. Hoquqe Bashar va Andishmandane Mosalman (Human Rights and Muslim Scholars), In: Hoquqe Bashare Dar Jahane Moaser. Qom: Aine Ahmad.Search in Google Scholar
Monshipouri, Mahmood. 2003. Constricting Human Rights in the Age of Globalization. North Castel: M.E. Sharpe.Search in Google Scholar
Monshipouri, Mahmood. 2009. Muslims in Global Politics: Identities, Interests, and Human Rights. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania press.10.9783/9780812202830Search in Google Scholar
Montazeri, Hussein. Ali. 2003. Andar Babe Ejtehad: Pasokh be Soalate Doctor Soroush“, (The Open Gate of Ijtihad: An Answer to the Questions of Dr Soroush). Tehran: Tarhe No.Search in Google Scholar
Montazeri, Hussein. Ali. 2004. “Resaleye Hoqqouq” (Treaties on Law). Qom: Saraii Publisher.Search in Google Scholar
Montazeri, Hussein. Ali. 2006. “Didgahha” (Viewpoints). Vol. 1, Qom: Arqhawane Danesh.Search in Google Scholar
Montazeri, Hussein. Ali. “Makasebe Moharrameh”, (Halal Jobs), Lesson 3, 2010. http://www.amontazeri.com/farsi/frame4.asp.Search in Google Scholar
Montazeri, Hussein-Ali. 2005. “Resaleye Estefta” (Treatise on Istefta). Vol. 1, Qom: Sayeh.Search in Google Scholar
Montazeri, Hussein-Ali. 2008. “Hokumate Dini va Hoqouqe Ensan” (Theocracy and Human Rights). Qom: Arqawane Danesh.Search in Google Scholar
Moranlo, Zahra. “Jaygahe Keramate Ensani dar Eslam va Ertebate an ba Taqva” (The Place of Human Dignity in Islam and Its Relation with Piety). Shargh Newspaper, August 18, 2005. http://saanei.org/index.php?view=01,01,04,11,240Search in Google Scholar
Osanloo, Arzoo. 2015. “Framing Rights: Women and Family Law in Pre- and Post-Revolutionary Iran.” New Middle Eastern Studies 5(5): 1–18.10.29311/nmes.v5i0.2659Search in Google Scholar
Peterson, Scott. “Interview with Ayatollah Saanei”. December 14, 2003. Accessed May 4, 2014. http://saanei4.tk/?view=01,00,00,00,0#01,01,03,86,70Search in Google Scholar
Ramezani, Rouhollah. 2009. An Analytical Framework for Examining the Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Translated by Alireza Tayyeb. Tehran: Ney Publication.Search in Google Scholar
Saanei, Yousef. 2007. Erth Qyre Mosalman Az Mosalman” (Non-Muslim Inheriting from Muslim). Qom: Saghalain.Search in Google Scholar
Saanei, Yousef. 2008a. Barabariye Dyye Zan va Marde Mosalma va Qyre Mosalman” (Equality in Compensation and blood Money of Men and Women of Muslim and Non-Muslim). Qom: Saghalain.Search in Google Scholar
Saanei, Yousef. 2008b. The Essence of Thought. Qom: Meytham-e-Tammar Publication.Search in Google Scholar
Saanei, Yousef. 2011a. “Maktoub.” In Qaedeye Edalat wa Nafye Zolm (Principle of Justice and Injustice Rejection), Ahmad Qabel. Qom: Fiqh al Saqalyn.Search in Google Scholar
Saanei, Yousef. 2011b. Ijtehade Pouya (Searching Ijtihād). Qom: Fiqh al Saqalyn.Search in Google Scholar
Sadeqi, Hossain. 2014. “Taarozat Beyne Qavanine Mozoueye Iran va Hoquqe Bashar (dichotomy between Iran’s Law and Human Rights).” Motaleate Bidariye Eslami 3(5): 9–24.Search in Google Scholar
Shabestari, Mohammad. 1996. “Hermonitice Ketab va Sonnat” (Hermeneutic, the Scripture and the Tradition). Tehran: Tarhe-No.Search in Google Scholar
Shabestari, Mohammad. 2006. “Naqdi bar Qaraate Rasmi az Din” (A Critique of the Official Reading of Religion). Tehran: Tarhe-No.Search in Google Scholar
Sharifiyan, Jamshid. 2001. Rahborde Jomhouriye Eslami Iran dar Zamineye Hoquqe Bashar dar Sazmane Mellal, (Islamic Republic’s Strategy in Human Rights at United Nations). Tehran: Vezarate Omoure Khareje.Search in Google Scholar
Shenker, Diana, Ayton. 1995. The Challenge of Human Rights and Cultural Diversity”. New York: United Nations Department of Public Information. http://www.un.org/rights/dpi1627e.htm.Search in Google Scholar
Takim, Liyakat. 2014. “Maqāṣid al-Sharī’a in Contemporary Shī’ī Jurisprudence.” In Maqasid al-Shari’a and Contemporary Reformist Muslim Thought an Examination, edited by A. Duderija, New York: Palgrave.Search in Google Scholar
United Nations Human Rights office of High Commissioner. 2010. What are human rights? https://www.ohchr.org/en/issues/pages/whatarehumanrights.aspxSearch in Google Scholar
Ziaei Far, Mohammad Hossain. 2005. “Asare Amaliye Doctrine Jomhouriye Eslamiye Iran Dar Zamineye Hoquqe Bashar (Practical Effects of Iran’s Human Rights Docrtin).” Majaleye Naqde Ketab 36.Search in Google Scholar
© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston