Abstract
Inspired by the success of synthesising organic substances by Friedrich Wöhler in 1828, the vision of creating life in the laboratory synthetically has become increasingly accessible for today’s synthetic biology and synthetic genomics, respectively. The engineering of biology – a contemporary version of the liaison of technology and organic form – creates cellular machines, biobricks, biomolecular ‘borgs’, and entire synthetic genomes of artificial organisms. Besides major ethical concerns, the shift in scientific epistemology is of interest. Unlike classical analytical science, synthetic science understands by a process of generation, through which myriads of new things are created, dramatically changing the living environment.
Literatur
Adami, C. (1998), Introduction to Artificial Life, New York.10.1007/978-1-4612-1650-6Search in Google Scholar
Aristoteles (1976), Lehre vom Beweis oder Zweite Analytik, Hamburg.Search in Google Scholar
Attwater, J., u. Holliger, P. (2014), A synthetic approach to abiogenesis, in: Nature Methods 11.5, 495–498.10.1038/nmeth.2893Search in Google Scholar
Bechtel, W. (2006), Discovering Cell Mechanisms: The Creation of Modern Cell Biology, Cambridge.10.1017/CBO9781139164962Search in Google Scholar
Bensaude-Vincent, B. (2013), Discipline-building in synthetic biology, in: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 44.2, 122–129.10.1016/j.shpsc.2013.03.007Search in Google Scholar
Blumenberg, H. (1986), Die Lesbarkeit der Welt, Frankfurt am Main.Search in Google Scholar
Boeke, J. D., Church, G., Hessel, A., et al. (2016), The Genome Project-write, in: Science 353.6295, 126–127.10.1126/science.aaf6850Search in Google Scholar
Cassirer, E. (1911), Das Erkenntnisproblem in der Philosophie und Wissenschaft der neueren Zeit 1, Berlin.Search in Google Scholar
Church, G. M., Gao, Y., u. Kosuri, S. (2012), Next-Generation Digital Information Storage in DNA, in: Science 337.6201, 1628.10.1126/science.1226355Search in Google Scholar
Church, G. M., u. Regis, E. (2014), Regenesis: How Synthetic Biology Will Reinvent Nature and Ourselves, New York.Search in Google Scholar
Davies, J. A. (2005), Mechanisms of Morphogenesis, Cambridge, Mass.Search in Google Scholar
Davies, J. A. (2008), Synthetic morphology: Prospects for engineered, self-constructing anatomies, in: Journal of Anatomy 212, 707–719.10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00896.xSearch in Google Scholar
Davies, J. A. (2014), Life Unfolding, Oxford.Search in Google Scholar
Davies, J. A., u. Cachat, E. (2016), Synthetic biology meets tissue engineering, in: Biochemical Society Transactions 44.3, 696–701.10.1042/BST20150289Search in Google Scholar
Descartes, R. (1960), Abhandlung über die Methode, richtig zu denken und die Wahrheit in den Wissenschaften zu suchen [1637], hg. v. Gäbe, L., Hamburg.Search in Google Scholar
Eiseley, L. (1959), The Immense Journey, New York.Search in Google Scholar
Ellis, T. (2019), What is synthetic genomics anyway?, in: Biochemist 41.3, 6–9.10.1042/BIO04103006Search in Google Scholar
Elowitz, M. B., u. Leibler, S. (2000), A synthetic oscillatory network of transcriptional regulators, in: Nature 403.6767, 335–338.10.1038/35002125Search in Google Scholar
Elstner, M. (Hg.) (1997), Gentechnik, Ethik und Gesellschaft, Berlin u. Heidelberg.10.1007/978-3-642-60579-6Search in Google Scholar
Endy, D. (2005), Foundations for engineering biology, in: Nature 438, 449–453.10.1038/nature04342Search in Google Scholar
Engfer, H. J. (1982), Studien zur Entwicklung philosophischer Analysiskonzepte unter dem Einfluß mathematischer Methodenmodelle im 17. und frühen 18. Jahrhundert, Stuttgart.Search in Google Scholar
Euklid (1971), Die Elemente: Buch I–XIII, hg. v. Thaer, C., Darmstadt.Search in Google Scholar
Feynman, R. (1988), Tafelbild von 1988, Pasadena, Calif.Search in Google Scholar
Friedrich, K. (2013), Digital faces of synthetic biology, in: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 44.2, 217–224.10.1016/j.shpsc.2013.03.017Search in Google Scholar
Galdzicki, M., Clancy, K., Oberortner, E., et al. (2014), The Synthetic Biology Open Language (SBOL) provides a community standard for communicating designs in synthetic biology, in: Nature Biotechnology 32, 545–550.10.1038/nbt.2891Search in Google Scholar
Genome Project-write (2020), URL: https://engineeringbiologycenter.org (12.9.2020).Search in Google Scholar
Gibson, D. G., Glass, J. I., Lartigue, C., et al. (2010), Creation of a Bacterial Cell Controlled by a Chemically Synthesized Genome, in: Science 329.5987, 52–56.10.1126/science.1190719Search in Google Scholar
Gilbert, W. (1986), The RNA world, in: Nature 319, 618.10.1038/319618a0Search in Google Scholar
Gramelsberger, G. (2013), The Simulation Approach in Synthetic Biology, in: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 44.2, 150–157.10.1016/j.shpsc.2013.03.010Search in Google Scholar
Gramelsberger, G., Bexte, P., u. Kogge, W. (Hg.) (2016), Synthesis. Zur Konjunktur eines philosophischen Begriffs in Wissenschaft und Technik, Bielefeld.Search in Google Scholar
Gramelsberger, G. (2016), Es schleimt, es lebt, es denkt – eine Rheologie des Medialen, in: Zeitschrift für Medien- und Kulturforschung – Medien der Natur 7.2, 155–167.10.28937/1000107559Search in Google Scholar
Gramelsberger, G. (2018), Continuous culture techniques as simulators for standard cells: Jacques Monod’s, Aron Novick’s and Leo Szilard’s quantitative approach to microbiology, in: History and Philosophy of Life Science 40.1, 23, DOI: 10.1007/s40656-017-0182-x.10.1007/s40656-017-0182-xSearch in Google Scholar
Gramelsberger, G. (2020), Synthetic Morphology – A vision of engineering biological form, in: Journal of the History of Biology 53, 295–309.10.1007/s10739-020-09601-wSearch in Google Scholar
Haeckel, E. (1868), Monographie der Moneren, in: Jenaische Zeitschrift für Medicin und Naturwissenschaft 4, 64–137.Search in Google Scholar
Haraway, D. (1997), Modest_Witness@Second_Millennium. FemaleMan©_Meets_ OncoMouse™, New York u. London.Search in Google Scholar
Herrera, A. L. (1897), Recueil des lois de la biologie generale, Mexiko-Stadt.Search in Google Scholar
Herrera, A. L. (1924), Biologia y Plasmogenia, Mexiko-Stadt.Search in Google Scholar
Herrera, A. L. (1942), A New Theory of the Origin and Nature of Life, in: Science 96.2479, 14.10.1126/science.96.2479.14Search in Google Scholar
Huxley, T. H. (1868), On Some Organisms Living at Great Depths in the North Atlantic Ocean, in: Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 8, 203–212.10.1242/jcs.s2-8.32.203Search in Google Scholar
iGEM (2020), International Genetically Engineered Machine, URL: http://igem.org (12.9.2020).Search in Google Scholar
Jinek, M., Chylinski, K., Fonfara, I., Hauer, M., Doudna, J. A., u. Charpentier, E. (2012), A Programmable Dual-RNA-Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity, in: Science 337.6096, 816–821.10.1126/science.1225829Search in Google Scholar
Johnson, A. P., Cleaves, H. J., Dworkin, J. P., et al. (2008), The Miller volcanic spark discharge experiment, in: Science 322, 404.10.1126/science.1161527Search in Google Scholar
Jonas, H. (1979), Das Prinzip Verantwortung. Versuch einer Ethik für die technologische Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main.Search in Google Scholar
Karafyllis, N. C. (Hg.) (2003), Biofakte – Versuch über den Menschen zwischen Artefakt und Lebewesen, Paderborn.10.30965/9783969757871Search in Google Scholar
Knight, T. F. (2003), Idempotent Vector Design for Standard Assembly of Biobricks (M.I.T. Synthetic Biology Working Group Technical Reports), Cambridge, Mass.10.21236/ADA457791Search in Google Scholar
Knight, T. (2007), Draft Standard for BioBrick Biological Parts, URL: http://parts.igem.org/Help:Assembly_standard_10 (12.9.2020).Search in Google Scholar
Knight, T. F., Shetty, R. P., u. Endy, D. (2008), Engineering BioBrick vectors from BioBrick parts, in: Journal of Biological Engineering 2.5, 5, DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-2-5.10.1186/1754-1611-2-5Search in Google Scholar
Knuuttila, T., u. Loettgers, A. (2013), Basic science through engineering? Synthetic modeling and the idea of biology-inspired engineering, in: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 44.2, 158–169.10.1016/j.shpsc.2013.03.011Search in Google Scholar
König, H., Frank, D., Heil, R., u. Coenen, C. (2013), Synthetic Genomics and Synthetic Biology Applications Between Hopes and Concerns, in: Current Genomics 14.1, 11–24.Search in Google Scholar
Kogge, W. (2017), Experimentelle Begriffsforschung. Philosophische Interventionen am Beispiel von Code, Information und Skript in der Molekularbiologie. Mit einer Abhandlung zu Wissenschaftstheorie nach Wittgenstein, Weilerswist.10.5771/9783845287379Search in Google Scholar
Krämer, S. (1991), Berechenbare Vernunft. Kalkül und Rationalisierung im 17. Jahrhundert, Berlin u. New York.10.1515/9783110847079Search in Google Scholar
Landecker, H. (2007), Culturing Life. How Cells Became Technologies, Cambridge, Mass.10.4159/9780674039902Search in Google Scholar
Leduc, S. (1910), Théorie physico-chimique de la vie et génération spontanée, Paris.10.5962/bhl.title.32591Search in Google Scholar
Leduc, S. (1912), La biologie synthétique, Paris.Search in Google Scholar
Lewens, T. (2002), Adaptationism and Engineering, in: Biology and Philosophy 17, 1–31.10.7551/mitpress/5172.003.0004Search in Google Scholar
Loeb, J. (1899), On the nature of the Process of Fertilization and the Artificial Production of Normal Larvae (Plutei) from Unfertilized Eggs of Sea Urchins, in: American Journal of Physiology 3, 135–138.10.1037/13684-011Search in Google Scholar
Loeb, J. (1912a), The mechanistic Conception of Life, in: Popular Science Monthly 80, 5–21.10.1037/12232-000Search in Google Scholar
Loeb, J. (1912b), The Mechanistic Conception of Life, Chicago.10.1037/12232-000Search in Google Scholar
Loeb, J., u. Schwalbe, E. (1906), Untersuchungen über künstliche Parthenogenese und das Wesen des Befruchtungsvorgangs, Leipzig.Search in Google Scholar
Lovell-Badge, R. (2019), CRISPR babies: a view from the centre of the storm, in: Development 146.3, DOI: 10.1242/dev.175778.10.1242/dev.175778Search in Google Scholar
Marliere, P. (2009), The farther, the safer: a manifesto for securely navigating synthetic species away from the old living world, in: Systems and Synthetic Biology 3, 77, URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11693-009-9040-9 (12.9.2020).10.1007/s11693-009-9040-9Search in Google Scholar
Marlière, P., Patrouix, J., Döring, V., Herdewijn, P., Tricot, S., Cruveiller, S., Bouzon, M., u. Mutzel, R. (2011), Chemical Evolution of a Bacterium’s Genome, in: Angewandte Chemie 123, 7247–7252.10.1002/ange.201100535Search in Google Scholar
Miller, S. L. (1953), A Production of Amino Acids Under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions, in: Science 117, 528–529.10.1126/science.117.3046.528Search in Google Scholar
Miller, S. L., u. Urey, H. C. (1959), Organic Compound Synthesis on the Primitive Earth, in: Science 130.3370, 245–251.10.1126/science.130.3370.245Search in Google Scholar
Mills, D. R., Peterson, R. L., u. Spiegelman, S. (1967), An extracellular Darwinian experiment with a self-duplicating nucleic acid molecule, in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 58.1, 217–224.10.1073/pnas.58.1.217Search in Google Scholar
N. N. (2012), Method of the Year 2011, in: Nature Methods 9.1, 1.10.1038/nmeth.1852Search in Google Scholar
Nordmann, A. (2006), Collapse of Distance: Epistemic Strategies of Science and Technoscience, in: Danish Yearbook of Philosophy 41, 7–34.10.1163/24689300_0410102Search in Google Scholar
Nordmann, A. (2017), The Demise of Systems Thinking: A Tale of Two Sciences and One Technoscience of Complexity, in: Wernecke, W., Pietsch, J., u. Ott, M. (Hg.), Berechenbarkeit der Welt?, Heidelberg, 435–451.10.1007/978-3-658-12153-2_21Search in Google Scholar
Onken, L. (1805), Die Zeugung, Bamberg u. Würzburg.10.5962/bhl.title.51608Search in Google Scholar
Pauly, P. (1987), Controlling Life: Jacques Loeb and the Engineering Ideal in Biology, New York.Search in Google Scholar
Powner, M. W., Gerland, B., u. Sutherland, J. D. (2009), Synthesis of activated pyrimidine ribonucleotides in prebiotically plausible conditions, in: Nature 459.7244, 239–242.10.1038/nature08013Search in Google Scholar
Purkyně, J. E. (1879), Gesammelte Schriften, Leipzig.Search in Google Scholar
Ray, T. S. (1993), An Evolutionary Approach to Synthetic Biology: Zen and the Art of Creating Life, in: Artificial Life 1.1, 195–226.10.1007/978-3-642-18965-4_19Search in Google Scholar
Registry (2020), Registry of Standard Biological Parts, URL: http://parts.igem.org (12.9.2020).Search in Google Scholar
Rheinberger, H.-J., u. Müller-Wille, S. (2009), Vererbung. Geschichte und Kultur eines biologischen Konzepts, Frankfurt am Main.Search in Google Scholar
Schleiden, M. (1838), Beiträge zur Phytogenesis, in: Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin, 137–176.Search in Google Scholar
Schrödinger, E. (1944), What is life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell, Cambridge, Mass.Search in Google Scholar
Schuster, P., u. Eigen, M. (1979), The hypercycle, a principle of natural self-organization, Berlin.Search in Google Scholar
Schwann, T. (1839), Mikroskopische Untersuchungen über die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachsthum der Thiere und Pflanzen, Berlin.Search in Google Scholar
Schwille, P. (2011), Bottom-Up Synthetic Biology: Engineering in a Tinkerer’s World, in: Science 333, 1252–1254.10.1126/science.1211701Search in Google Scholar
Sinclair, B. (1969), At the Turn of a Screw: William Sellers, the Franklin Institute, and a Standard American Thread, in: Technology and Culture 10.1, 20–34.10.2307/3102001Search in Google Scholar
Smith, J. M. (2000), The Concept of Information in Biology, in: Philosophy of Science 67, 177–194.10.1086/392768Search in Google Scholar
Synthetic Yeast 2.0 (2020), URL: http://syntheticyeast.org/ (Zugriff: 17.2.2020).Search in Google Scholar
Tomita, M. (2001), Towards Computer-aided Design (CAD) of useful microorganisms, in: Bioinformatics 17, 1091–1092.10.1093/bioinformatics/17.12.1091Search in Google Scholar
Vehlken, S. (2012), Zootechnologien. Eine Mediengeschichte der Schwarmforschung, Zürich u. Berlin.Search in Google Scholar
Walden, P. (1928), Die Bedeutung der Wöhlerschen Harnstoffsynthese, in: Die Naturwissenschaften 16, 835–849.10.1007/BF01451626Search in Google Scholar
Wang, Q., Parrish, A. R., u. Wang, L. (2009), Expanding the Genetic Code for Biological Studies, in: Chemical Biology 16.3, 323–336.10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.03.001Search in Google Scholar
Woese, C. (1967), The Genetic Code, New York.Search in Google Scholar
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston