The Honorific Statues of Delphi

Subscibe in publisher´s online store Share via email
The Honorific Statues of Delphi
Grzesik, Dominika

From the journal Historia Historia, Volume 68, June 2019, issue 2

Published by Franz Steiner Verlag

article, 13550 Words
Original language: English
Historia 2019, pp 200-227
https://doi.org/10.25162/historia-2019-0012

Abstract

The following article is about all honorific statues from Delphi granted by Delphic public authorities and private individuals, and by the citizens and civic bodies of other cities and koina. It concentrates on the unique dual nature (local and international) of the statue habit which was the main feature in the honorific statuary practice in the territory of Delphi, moving from the mid-4th century B. C., through to the late-4th century A. D. The aim of the article is to interpret the available evidence by going beyond conventional, centennial periodization, and to present the significant trends that occurred in the Delphic statue culture over time.

Author information

Dominika Grzesik

References

  • 1. Alcock, S. E. (2002) Archaeologies of the Greek past: landscape, monuments, and memories, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • 2. Alföldi, A. (1967) Studien zur Geschichte der Weltkrise des 3. Jahrhunderts nach Christus, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
  • 3. Ameling, W. (1983) Herodes Atticus II: Inschriftenkatalog, Hildesheim: Olms.
  • 4. Ando, C. (2012) Imperial Rome A. D. 193 to 284. The critical century, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • 5. Antonetti, C. (1995) ‘La centralità di Eleusi nell’ideologia panellenica adrianea’, Ostraka, vol. 4, pp. 149-156.
  • 6. Arnush, M. (1995) ‘The archonship of Sarpadon at Delphi’, ZPE, vol. 105, pp. 95-104.
  • 7. Arnush, M. (2000) ‘Argead and Aetolian relations with Delphic polis in the late fourth century BC’, in: Brock, R. and Hodkinson, S. (eds.) Alternatives to Athens. Varieties of political organization and community in ancient Greece, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 293-307. DOI 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199258109.003.0017
  • 8. Ashmole, B. / Yalouris, N. (1967) Olympia. The sculptures of the temple of Zeus, London: Phaidon.
  • 9. Benjamin, A. / Raubitschek, A. (1959) ‘Arae Augusti’, Hesperia, vol. 28, pp. 65-85.
  • 10. Bobou, O. (2015) Children in the Hellenistic world. Statues and representation, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • 11. Bol, R. (1984) Das Statuenprogramm des Herodes-Atticus-Nymphaums, Berlin: de Gruyter. DOI 10.1017/s0009840x00106870
  • 12. Bommelaer, J.-Fr. / Laroche, D. (2015) Guide de Delphes. Le site. Deuxième édition revue et augmentée, Athènes: Ecole française d’Athènes.
  • 13. Bourguet, É. (1905) De rebus Delphicis imperatoriae aetatis, Montpellier: Coulet
  • 14. Bousquet, J. (1952) ‘La donation de L. Gellius Menogenes a Delphes et les thermes de l’est’, BCH, vol. 76, pp. 653-660. DOI 10.3406/bch.1952.2469
  • 15. Bringmann, K. / von Steuben, H. (1995-2000) Schenkungen hellenistischer Herrscher an griechische Städte und Heiligtümer, Berlin: Akademie: Teil 1: Zeugnisse und Kommentare (1995); Teil 2, Bd. 1: Geben und Nehmen: monarchische Wohltätigkeit und Selbstdarstellung im Zeitalter des Hellenismus (2000); Teil 2, Bd.2: Geschenke erhalten die Freundschaft: Politik und Selbstdarstellung im Spiegel der Monumente (2000). DOI 10.1524/9783050071671
  • 16. Camia, F. (2008) ‘Imperial priests in second century Greece: A socio-political analysis’, in: Rizakis, A. and Camia, F. (eds.) Pathways to power: civic elites in the eastern part of the Roman Empire, Atene: Scuola archeologica italiana di Atene, pp. 23-41.
  • 17. Camia, F. (2011) Theoi Sebastoi: il culto degli imperatori romani in Grecia (Provincia Achaia) nel secondo secolo D. C., Athens: Boccard.
  • 18. Camia, F. (2017) ‘The financing of public honours in Greece during the Roman Imperial period. The case of honorary statues in the cities of the mainland Greece’, in: Heller, A. and van Nijf, O. (eds.) The Politics of Honour in the Greek Cities of the Roman Empire, Leiden and Boston: Brill, pp. 109- 146.
  • 19. Castrén, P. (1994) ‘General aspects of life in post-Herulian Athens’, in: Castrén, P. (ed.) Post-Herulian Athens: aspects of life and culture in Athens, A. D. 267-529, Helsinki: Finnish Institute at Athens, pp. 1-14.
  • 20. Champion, C. (1995) ‘The Soteria at Delphi: Aetolian propaganda in the epigraphical record’, American Journal of Philology, vol. 116, no. 2, pp. 213-220. DOI 10.2307/295441
  • 21. Choix, Jacquemin, A., Mulliez, D., and Rougemont, G. (eds.) (2012) Choix d’inscriptions de Delphes, traduites et commentées, Athènes: Ecole Française d’Athènes.
  • 22. Christol, M. (1998) L’Empire romain du IIIe siècle: histoire politique (de 192, mort de Commode, à 325, concile de Nicée), Paris: Errance. DOI 10.4000/books.psorbonne.10743
  • 23. Conelly, J. B. (2007) Portrait of a priestess: women and ritual in ancient Greece, Princeton, N. J.; Woodstock: Princeton University Press.
  • 24. Criscuolo, L. (2003) ‘Agoni e politica alla corte di Alessandria. Riflessioni su alcuni epigrammi di Posidippo’, Chiron, vol. 33, pp. 311-333.
  • 25. Daux, G. (1936) Delphes au IIe et au Ie siècle: depuis l’abaissement de l’Etolie jusqu’à la paix romaine, 191-31 av. J.C., Paris: Boccard. DOI 10.2307/1839727
  • 26. Dukellis, P. N. (2007) ‘Hadrian’s Panhellenion. A network of cities?’, Mediterranean Historical Review, vol. 22, pp. 295-308.
  • 27. Eckstein, A. M. (2008) Rome enters the Greek East, Oxford: Blackwell.
  • 28. Evers, C. (1994) Les portraits d’Hadrien. Typologie et ateliers, Brusells: Académie royale de Belgique.
  • 29. Falezza, G. (2013) ‘From Eleutheria to Theos Kaisar Sebastos. Rome and the sanctuaries of Northern Greece’, in: Galli, M. (ed.) Roman powers and Greek sanctuaries, Athens: Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene, pp. 159-176.
  • 30. Fejfer, J. (2008) Roman portraits in context (Image and context 2), Berlin: de Gruyter.
  • 31. Ferrary, J. L. / Rousset, D. (1998) ‘Un lotissement de terres à Delphes au IIe siècle ap. J. -C.’, BCH, vol. 122, pp. 277-342. DOI 10.3406/bch.1998.7174
  • 32. Flacelière, R. (1937) Les Aitoliens à Delphes: contribution à l’histoire de la Grèce centrale au IIIe siècle av. J.-C., Paris: Boccard. DOI 10.3406/rea.1933.2718
  • 33. Fleischer, R. (1991) Studien zur Seleukidischen Kunst. Band I Herrscherbilnisse, Mainz: Zabern.
  • 34. Galli, M. (2013a) ‘Ritual dynamic in the Greek sanctuaries under the Roman domination’, in: Galli, M. (ed.) Roman powers and Greek sanctuaries, Athens: Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene, pp. 9-44.
  • 35. Galli, M. (2013b) ‘The celebration of Lucius Verus in the provincial Achaia. Imperial cult, ritual actors, and religious networks’, in: Galli, M. (ed.) Roman powers and Greek sanctuaries, Athens: Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene, pp. 265-298.
  • 36. Geagan, D. J. (1967) The Athenian constitution after Sulla, Princeton: American School of Classical Studies at Athens .
  • 37. Geagan, D. J. (2011) The Athenian Agora, vol. 18, Inscriptions: The dedicatory monuments, Princeton, N. J.: American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
  • 38. Gehn, U. (2016) ‘Greek mainland and islands’, in: Smith, R. R. R. and Ward-Perkins, B. (eds.) The last statues of antiquity, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 87-97.
  • 39. Geominy, W. (2007) ‘The Daochos monument at Delphi: the style an setting of a family portrait in historic dress’, in: Shultz, P. and von den Hoff, R. (eds.) Early Hellenistic portraiture: image, style, context, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 84-98.
  • 40. Graninger, D. (2011) Cult and koinon in Hellenistic Thessaly, Leiden and Boston: Brill. DOI 10.1163/ej.9789004207103.i-210.2
  • 41. Griesbach, J. (2013) ‘Zur Topographie hellenistischer ‘Ehrenstatuen’ aus Delos’, in: Galli, M. (ed.) Roman power and Greek sanctuaries, Athens: Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene, pp. 83-124.
  • 42. Grzesik, D. (2018a) ‘The power of space and memory - the honorific statuescape of Delphi’, forthcoming. DOI 10.1017/ann.2018.6
  • 43. Grzesik, D. (2018b) ‘From democracy to oligarchy - the role of civic elite within the community in Roman Delphi’, forthcoming. DOI 10.12797/saac.22.2018.22.06
  • 44. Hallett, C. H. (2005) The Roman nude: heroic portrait statuary 200 B. C. - A. D. 300, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • 45. Harrison, E. B. (1953) The Athenian Agora, vol. 1, Portrait sculpture, Princeton, N. J.: American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
  • 46. Hebrin, F. (2014) ‘Les monuments votifs et honorifiques du sanctuaire d’Apollon à Délos: évolution topographique et typologique (314-69 av. J.-C.)‘, in: Griesbach, J. (ed.) Polis und Porträt - Standbilder als Medien öffentlicher Repräsentation im hellenistischen Osten, Studien zur antiken Stadt 13, Wiesbaden: Reichert, pp. 21-32.
  • 47. Hekster, O. / Kleijn, G. / Slootjes, D. (eds.) (2007) Crisis and the Roman Empire. Proceedings of the seventh workshop of the international network Impact of Empire, Nijmegen, June 20-24, 2006, Leiden and Boston: Brill.
  • 48. Hekster, O. / Kleijn, G. / Slootjes, D. / Zair, N. (eds.) (2008) Rome and its Empire, A. D. 193-284, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • 49. Haensch, R. (1997) Capita provinciarum: Statthaltersitze und Provinzialverwaltung in der römischen Kaiserzeit, Mainz: Zabern.
  • 50. Herrmann, H. V. (1987) Die Olympia-skulpturen, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
  • 51. Hintzen-Bohlen, B. (1990) ‘Die Familiengruppe: ein Mittel zur Selbstdarstellung hellenistischer Herrscher’, Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, vol. 105, pp. 129-154.
  • 52. Hintzen-Bohlen, B. (1992) Herrscherrepräsentation im Hellenismus: Untersuchungen zu Weihgeschenken, Stiftungen und Ehrenmonumenten in den mutterländischen Heiligtümern Delphi, Olympia, Delos und Dodona, Köln: Böhlau.
  • 53. Höghammar, K. (1993) Sculpture and society. A study of the connection between the free-standing sculpture and society on Kos in the Hellenistic and Augustan periods, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.
  • 54. Højte, J. M. (2005) Roman Imperial statue bases. From Augustus to Commodus, Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.
  • 55. Hurwit, J. M. (2015) Artists and signatures in ancient Greece, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • 56. Jacquemin, A. (1999) Offrandes monumentales à Delphes, Athènes: École française d’Athènes.
  • 57. Josephson, J. A. (1997) Egyptian royal sculpture of the Late Period 400-246 B. C., Mainz: Zabern.
  • 58. Kansteiner, S. / Hallof, K. / Lehmann, L. / Seidensticker, B. / Lehmann, K. (eds.) (2014) Der neue Overbeck: die antiken Schriftquellen zu den bildenden Künsten der Griechen, vol. 1-5, Berlin: de Gruyter.
  • 59. Katsikoudis, N. (2006) Dôdônê. Oi Timêtikoi Andriantes. (Dodona: The Honorary Statues), Etaireia Êpeirôtikôn Meletôn Idruma Meletôn Ioniou kai Adriatikou Xôrou, 14.
  • 60. Krumeich, R. (2017) ‘La vie des statues-portraits grecques dans les sanctuaires panhelléniques d’Olympie et de Delphes’, in: Queyrel, F., von den Hoff, R. (eds.) La vie des portraits grecs. Statues-portraits du Ve au Ier siècle av. J.-C. Usages et re-contextualisations, Paris: Hermann, pp. 211-251.
  • 61. Kyriakidis, N. (2014) ‘Les Delphiens au miroir de leurs offrandes monumentales: élite sociale et notabilité politique dans une petite cité de Grèce centrale (IVe-Ier s. av. J.-C.)’, BCH, vol. 138.1, pp. 103-129. DOI 10.3406/bch.2014.8017
  • 62. Lenaghan, J. (2016) ‘Re-use in forth-century portrait statues’, in: Smith, R. R. R. and Ward-Perkins, B. (eds.) The last statues of antiquity, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 267-279.
  • 63. Lippolis, E. (2013) ‘Eleusis. Sanctuary of the Empire’, in: Galli, M. (ed.) Roman powers and Greek sanctuaries, Athens: Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene, pp. 245-264.
  • 64. Long, L. E. (2012) ‘Regional marble quarries’, in: Ratté, Ch. and De Staebler, P. D. (eds.) The Aphrodisias regional survey: Aphrodisias V, Mainz: Zabern, pp. 165-202.
  • 65. Ma, J. (2013) Statues and the city. Honorific portraits and civic identity in the Hellenistic world, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • 66. MacMullen, R. (1982) ‘The epigraphic habit in the Roman Empire’, AJPh, vol. 103, pp. 233-246.
  • 67. Marcadé, J. (1953-1957) Recueil des signatures de sculpteurs grecs, 2 vols, Paris: Boccard.
  • 68. Mathys, M. (2014a) ‚Ehrenstatuen im Athenaheiligtum von Pergamon‘, in: Griesbach, J. (ed.) Polis und Porträt - Standbilder als Medien öffentlicher Repräsentation im hellenistischen Osten. Studien zur antiken Stadt 13, Wiesbaden: Reichert 2014, pp. 43-56.
  • 69. Mathys, M. (2014b) Architekturstiftungen und Ehrenstatuen: Untersuchungen zur visuellen Repräsentation der Oberschicht im Späthellenistischen und kaiserzeitlichen Pergamon, Pergamenische Forschungen 16, Mainz: Zabern.
  • 70. Mattusch, C. (1988) Greek bronze statuary. From the beginnings through the fifth century B. C., London: Cornell University Press.
  • 71. McGing, B. C. (1986) ‘The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator King of Pontus’, Mnemosyne Bibliotheca Classica Batava, Suppl. no. 89, Leiden: Brill. DOI 10.1163/9789004328242_003
  • 72. Melfi, M. (2013) ‘Religion and communication in the sanctuaries of Early Roman Greece: Epidauros and Athens’, in: Galli, M. (ed.) Roman powers and Greek sanctuaries, Athens: Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene, pp. 143-158.
  • 73. Meyer, E. A. (1990) ‘Explaining the epigraphic habit in the Roman Empire: the evidence of epitaphs’, JRS, vol. 80, pp. 74-96. DOI 10.2307/300281
  • 74. Miller, S. G. (2000) ‘Macedonians in Delphi’, in: Jacquemin, A. (ed.) Delphes: Cent ans après la grande fouille. Actes du colloque organisé par l’EFA, 17-20 septembre 1992, Suppléments au Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, vol. 36, pp. 263-281.
  • 75. Morgan, G. (2007) 69 A. D.: The year of four emperors, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • 76. Mrozek, S. (1973) ‘À propos de la répartitions chronologique des inscriptions Latines dans le Haut-Empire’, Epigraphica, vol. 35, pp. 113-118.
  • 77. Oliver, G. J. (2007) ‘Space and the visualization of power in the Greek polis. The award of portrait statues in decrees from Athens’, in: Shultz, P. and von den Hoff, R. (eds.) Early Hellenistic portraiture: image, style, context, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 181-204.
  • 78. Parke, H. W. (1967) Greek oracles, London: Hutchinson.
  • 79. Parke, H. W. / Wormell, D. E. W. (1956) The Delphic oracle, vol. 1: The history, Oxford: Blackwell.
  • 80. Partida, D. E. (2000) The treasuries at Delphi. An architectural study, Jonsered: Åström.
  • 81. Payne, M. J. (1984) ARETAS ENEKEN: Honors to Romans and Italians in Greece from 260-27 B. C., Michigan: Ann Arbor.
  • 82. Piccinini, J. (2013) ‘Dodona at the time of Augustus. A few notes’ in: Galli, M. (ed.), Roman Power and Greek Sanctuaries, Athens: Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene, pp. 177-192.
  • 83. Poulsen, F. (1939) Römische Privatporträts und Prinzenbildnisse, Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
  • 84. Purcell, N. (1987) ‘The Nicopolitan synoecism and Roman urban policy’, in: Chrysos, E. (ed.), Nicopolis 1: Proceeding of the first international Nicopolis Symposium, Preveza: Demos Prevezas, pp. 71-90.
  • 85. Quass, F. (1993) Die Honoratiorenschicht in den Städten des griechischen Ostens: Untersuchungen zur politischen und sozialen Entwicklung in hellenistischer und römischer Zeit, Stuttgart: Steiner.
  • 86. Queyrel, F. (2003) Les portraits des Attalides. Fonction et représentation, Athens: Ecole française d’Athènes.
  • 87. Queyrel, F. (2016) La sculpture hellénistique: formes, thèmes et fonctions. Les manuels d’art et d’archéologie antiques, Paris: Picard.
  • 88. Remijsen, S. (2015) ‘The end of ancient Olympics and other contests: why the agonistic circuit collapsed in the late antiquity’, JHS, vol. 135, pp. 147-164. DOI 10.1017/s0075426915000117
  • 89. Rhodes, P. J. (1997) The decrees of the Greek states, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • 90. Rose, C. B. (1997) Dynastic commemoration and imperial portraiture in the Julio-Claudian period, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI 10.2307/4352271
  • 91. Rousset, D. (2002) Le territoire de Delphes et la terre d’Apollon, Athènes: Ecole française d’Athènes; Paris: Boccard.
  • 92. Sadurska, A. (1997) Corpus Signorum Imperii Romanii. Corpus des Sculptures du Monde Romain. Pologne. Vol. 1: Les portraits Romains dans Les collections Polonaises, Warszawa: Académie polonaise des sciences.
  • 93. Sartre, M. (1991) L’Orient romain: provinces et sociétés provinciales en Méditerranée orientale d’Auguste aux Sévères (31 avant J.-C-235 après J.- C.), Paris: Seuil.
  • 94. Sánchez, P. (2001) L`Amphictionie des Pyles et de Delphes: Recherches sur son role historique, des origines au IIe siecle de notre ere, Stuttgart: Steiner.
  • 95. Schade, K. (2014) ‘Wome’ Smith, in: R. R. R. and Ward-Perkins, B. (eds.) The last statues of antiquity, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 249-258.
  • 96. Schmidt-Hofner, S. (2006) ‘Die städtische Finanzautonomie im spätrömischen Reich’, in: Wiemer, H.-U. (ed.) Staatlichkeit und politisches Handeln in der römischen Kaiserzeit, Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 209-248. DOI 10.1515/9783110926590.209
  • 97. Scholten, J. B. (2000) The politics of plunder: Aitolians and their koinon in the Early Hellenistic era, 279-217 B. C., Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. DOI 10.1525/california/9780520201873.001.0001
  • 98. Schröder, T. (2011) Athenaios eimi. Untersuchungen zur Chronologie und Typologie der römischen Porträts in Griechenland, ihren lokalen Besonderheiten und dem kulturellen Kontext, Diss. Göttingen.
  • 99. Scott, M. (2014) Delphi: a history of the center of the ancient world, Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press.
  • 100. Shear, J. (2007) ‘Reusing statues, rewriting inscriptions, and bestowing honours in Roman Athens’, in: Newby, Z. and Leader-Newby R. (eds.) Art and inscriptions in the ancient world, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 221-246.
  • 101. Sifakis, G. M. (1967) Studies in the history of the Hellenistic drama, London: Athlone.
  • 102. Smith, R. R. R. (1998) ‘Cultural choice and political identity in honorific portrait statues in the Greek East in the second century AD’, JHS, vol. 88, pp. 57-62. DOI 10.2307/300805
  • 103. Smith, R. R. R. , (2006) Roman portrait sculpture from Aphrodisias: Aphrodisias II, Mainz: Zabern.
  • 104. Smith, R. R. R. / Ward-Perkins, B. (2016) The last statues of antiquity, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • 105. Spawforth, A. (1989) ‘Roman Sparta’, in: Spawforth, A. and Cartledge, P. (eds.) Hellenistic and Roman Sparta. A tale of two cities, London: Routledge, pp. 85-198.
  • 106. Spawforth, A. (2012) Greece and the Augustan cultural revolution, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • 107. Spranger, S. K. M. (2016) ‘Third century, from Alexander Severus to Carinus’, in: Smith, R. R. R. and Ward-Perkins, B. (eds.) The last statues of antiquity, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 231-238.
  • 108. Stamires, G. A. (1957) ‘Greek Inscriptions’, Hesperia, vol. 26, pp. 198-270.
  • 109. Stanwick, P. E. (2003) Portraits of the Ptolemies, Texas: University of Texas Press.
  • 110. Stewart, A. (1993) Faces of power. Alexander’s images and Hellenistic politics, Oxford: University of California Press.
  • 111. Tataki, A. (1998) Macedonians abroad, Athens: Boccard.
  • 112. Tobin, J. (1997) Herodes Attikos and the city of Athens: patronage and conflict under the Antonines, Amsterdam: Gieben.
  • 113. Tuchelt, K. (1979) Frühe Denkmäler Roms in Kleinasien. Teil I, Roma und Promagi strate, Tübingen: Wasmuth.
  • 114. van Bremen, R. (1996) The limits of participation. Women and civic life in the Greek East in the Hellenistic and Roman period, Amsterdam: Gieben.
  • 115. Vatin, C. (1965) Delphes à l’èpoque imperiale, Paris: unpublished thesis.
  • 116. Ward-Perkins, B. (2016a) ‘Statues at the end of antiquity: the evidence of the inscibed bases’, in: Smith, R. R. R. and Ward-Perkins, B. (eds.) The last statues of antiquity, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 28-40.
  • 117. Ward-Perkins, B. (2016b) ‘The end of the statue habit, A. D. 282-620’, in: Smith, R. R. R. and Ward-Perkins, B. (eds.) The last statues of antiquity, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 295-308.
  • 118. Wassink, A. (1991) ‘Inflation and financial policy under the Roman Empire to the price edict of 301 A. D.’, Historia, vol. 40, pp. 465-493.
  • 119. Weir, R. (2004) Roman Delphi and its Pythian Games, Oxford: BAR International Series 1306.
  • 120. Whitmarsch, T. (2001) Greek literature and the Roman Empire. The politics of imitation, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • 121. Woloch, M. (1969) ‘Four leading families in Roman Athens, A. D. 96-161’, Historia, vol. 18, pp. 503- 510.
  • 122. Zoumbaki, S. B. (2001) Elis und Olympia in der Kaiserzeit: das Leben einer Gesellschaft zwischen Stadt und Heiligtum auf prosopographischer Grundlage, Athens: Boccard.
  • 123. Zoumbaki, S. B. (2010) ‘Elean relations with Rome and the Achaean Koinon and the role of Olympia’, in: Rizakis, A. D., Lepenioti, Cl. E. (eds.) Roman Peloponnese III: Society, economy and culture under the Roman Empire: Continuity and innovation, Athens: Boccard, pp. 111-128.
  • 124. Zuiderhoek, A. (2009) The politics of munificence in the Roman Empire: citizens, elites and benefactors in Asia Minor, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI 10.1017/cbo9780511576508.001