Summary
New scientific work on the ancient landscapes of Germany and Britain makes it very likely that the Roman decision to abandon attempts to conquer Germany as far as the Elbe, most clearly expressed by Tiberius in 16 AD, was strongly influenced by perceptions of the heavily wooded landscape of that region. There were other reasons too: the concern of emperors to hinder potential rivals; the sheer difficulty of advancing to the Elbe; and the increasing concern of the emperor and his advisers for the fiscal effects of this and other potential conquests. But what is new is that the evidence of arboreal and non-arboreal pollen shows that Germany was a less attractive target than agrarian England.
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Acknowledgements
Many thanks to Werner Eck, Sven Günther, Marco Maiuro, Gabriele Rasbach and Reinhard Wolters for help with various aspects of this article. There must be no presumption that any of them agrees with its conclusions.
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
