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Does the period table appear doubled? Two variants of division of elements into two subsets. Internal and secondary periodicity

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Abstract

Demarcation of elements for two subsets appears to be the most fundamental approach to their classification. If one draws a vertical straight line through the middle of each block of elements in the Periodic table, all the elements are divided into two subsets: “early” and “later”. For example, in the d-block, the early ones are Sc–Mn, and the late ones, respectively, are Fe–Zn. Later elements partially repeat the properties of the early ones, and this is defined as the internal periodicity. Another criterion for dividing the elements into two subsets is the evenness and oddness of the sum of n + l, where n is the principal quantum number, and l is the orbital quantum number for the outer electron subshells. Properties of the odd elements (for example, B–Ne, Ga–Kr, Tl–Rn in the p-block) are closer to each other than to properties of even elements (Al–Ar, In–Xe), and vice versa. This regularity is manifested as the secondary periodicity. The history of concepts, which considered the existence of subsets as well as of inner and secondary periodicities, is discussed. The features of the electronic structure, which underlie the existence of subsets, are considered. The existence of subsets was depicted earlier by dividing the periodic table into two tables or by applying a mirror-symmetric table. Small changes are proposed in the conventional Periodic table, allowing to reflect the existence of the considered subsets.

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Notes

  1. Here and below the modern group numbers in the medium-long Periodic Table 1 are given in brackets.

  2. But "anomalous valences" is clearly a chemical property, however is determined by the degree of filling of d- and f-subshells.

  3. This, of course, does not mean that the chemists deny the very phenomenon of internal periodicity.

  4. It impossible to be completely sure about this issue: it is not realistic to explicitly consider all spectrum of periodic tables, given that their number is close to a thousand (Scerri 2007, p. 277, 2011a, p. 13, b; Imyanitov 2011c).

  5. It should be noted that many symmetric tables have been proposed, which do not have these drawbacks, for example, see the Bayley–Thomsen–Bohr table (Imyanitov (2011c, p. 2190). However, the symmetry line (also implicitly) passes through the middle of the periods (but not through the middle of the rows in blocks) does not divide the elements into early and late in this tables.

  6. Based on the heats of formation of the corresponding compounds.

  7. In modern variants (Table 1), there are no subgroups in periodic tables, subgroups correspond to groups.

  8. According to modern terminology, "secondary periodicity is observed in all groups".

  9. Therefore, sometimes absence of "primogenic repulsion" is mentioned instead of the term "kainosimmetry" (Pyykkö 2001, 1988, p. 567). The emphasis on the absence of a radial nodes is made in some publications (Shchukarev 1977; Kaupp 2007).

  10. It may be useful to consider Tables 5 as an aggregate of 4-th subsets: early with odd n + l, early with even n + l, late with odd n + 1, late with even n + l.

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Imyanitov, N.S. Does the period table appear doubled? Two variants of division of elements into two subsets. Internal and secondary periodicity. Found Chem 21, 255–284 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10698-018-9321-z

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