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Notes
One can readily find a number of essays on the topic and references to this topic inside other monographs. See for example the work of Susan Handelman, Annette Aronowicz, and Claire Katz, Sharon Todd, and Roger Simon. See also Todd’s book, Learning from the Other (SUNY 2003).
Levinas’s criticism of art, specifically his rejection of art as ethical, might be helpful here.
This 1980 essay was originally published in French in Man in World.
Garrison notes that Noddings’s ethics of care is indebted to Heidegger’s conception of care in Being and Time. One cannot help but note the irony that the solution to the Levinasian problem of ethics is found in Heidegger. Additionally, it is not clear that such a care ethics is fruitful. As noted in Tina Chanter’s essay, “The Problematic Normative Assumptions of Heidegger’s Ontology,” that although Heidegger’s formulation of Dasein is essentially mitsein—Being-with, “his conception of Dasein as highly individualized and unique ultimately prejudices his philosophy against a serious and sustained consideration of others.” (see Holland and Hutington 2000). Aside from this philosophical problem, there are additional problems with care ethics that cannot be discussed here.
Insofar as Levinas does claim in several places that virility needs to be tempered, if he is prescribing any role, it seems to be for men—or at least for what he believes to be a hyper-masculinity—in women or men—that motivates violence. See Levinas “Damages due to fire” (1990a). Additionally, for Levinas the possibility of sacrificing oneself is not a prescription. It is rather an indication that the conatus essendi is not the overriding driving force of our lives. See his interview with Bracha Lichtenberg-Ettinger.
References
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Bookman, M., & Aboulafia, M. (2001). Ethics of care revisited: Gilligan and Levinas. Philosophy Today, 26, 169–174.
Chanter, T. (2001a). Feminist interpretations of Levinas. University Park, PA: Penn State Press.
Chanter, T. (2001b). Time, death, and the feminine: Levinas with Heidegger. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Guenther, L. (2006). The gift of the other. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Holland, N., & Huntington, P., (Eds.). (2001). Feminist interpretations of Heidegger. University Park, PA: Penn State University Press. p. 89.
Katz, C. (2003). Levinas, judaism, and the feminine: The silent footsteps of Rebecca. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Levinas, E. (1990a). Nine Talmudic readings (A. Aronowicz, Trans.). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Levinas, E. (1990b). Difficult freedom (S. Hand, Trans.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Levinas, E. (1994). Beyond the verse (G. Mole, Trans.). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Levinas, E. (1998). Otherwise than being, or beyond essence (A. Lingis, Trans.). Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press.
Levinas, E. (2004). Totality and infinity (A. Lingis, Trans.). Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press.
Sandford, S. (2000). The metaphysics of love. London: Athlone.
Todd, S. (2003). Learning from the other. Albany: Suny.
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Katz, C. Review of Denise Egéa-Kuehne, Levinas and Education: at the intersection of faith and reason . Stud Philos Educ 28, 375–381 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11217-009-9138-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11217-009-9138-2