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Abstract
Paul Kirkland rethinks Nietzsche’s rejection of nationalism and accompanying critique of the hegemonic nation-state as a form of political organization. Nietzsche looks to a pluralist, supra-European ideal to challenge the notion of political orders dominated by a singular vision or essentializing identity to encourage contests that serve as a framework for moving beyond the modern state. Kirkland argues that instead of rejecting singularity in the name of democracy Nietzsche’s alternative is an agonistic aristocracy. This latter, radical notion is rooted in his support of the spiritualization of enmity in order to provide a model for a Europe beyond national particularities.
