Abstract
This bibliographical inventory surveys 50 medieval Greek apocalyptic sources ranging from the turn of the sixth century until the late fifteenth century. The surveyed material consists of historical and moral apocalypses, oracular prophecies and end-time calculations. The survey enumerates the various appellations and dating attempts for each text as proposed in modern scholarship. Moreover, references to editions and translations of each source are provided; they are followed by a preliminary list of the known manuscript witnesses. The purpose of the inventory is twofold: (i) it presents a quantitative estimation of the respective manuscript distribution. Altogether 1024 textual witnesses in 688 manuscripts have been identified to contain the surveyed apocalyptic texts. It has been found that about 70 % of all manuscript material dates to the fifteenth century or later. Consequently, it can be established that the period surrounding and following the halōsis of 1453 functions as a filter that, to a large extent, regulates our access to and conditions our understanding of medieval Greek apocalyptic thought. Moreover, the inventory (ii) provides a holistic yet concise overview of a large section of Byzantine apocalypticism, which appears necessary for any comprehensive research that engages in (or steps beyond) intertextual analysis.
This survey has been compiled with the generous support of the Collaborative Research Centre / SFB 1150 “Cultures of Decision-Making” funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) at the University of Münster in 2017. Much of the material surveyed in this study had been collected in 2013/14 during a research fellowship of the Alexander S. Onassis Foundation at the University of Ioannina.
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Appendix: Statistical analysis
In what follows, I present a tentative analysis of the surveyed manuscript material. At most, this analysis is a rough approximation given the numerous limitations of this survey, which have been pointed out in the introduction.[36] The following graphs are meant to be merely indicative.
This inventory has surveyed 1024 textual witnesses of altogether 50 medieval Greek apocalyptic texts. Two-thirds of the texts consist of political prophecies (historical apocalypses), which relate the envisioned course of events prior to the Last Judgment.[37] The remainder comprises celestial journeys (moral apocalypses),[38] end-time calculations and miscellaneous statements concerning the approaching eschaton.
non-historico-political apocalyptic texts[39] | historico-political apocalyptic texts | |
Number of texts | 17 | 33 |
Textual witnesses | 372 | 652 |
Number of manuscripts | 337 | 381 |
The following graphs illustrate the distribution of the manuscripts from the eighth to the nineteenth century. Whenever a manuscript could not be dated to only one century (be that due to difficulties in dating or due to the composite character of the manuscript), I have evenly split the number of manuscripts across the respective centuries. For instance, as Vaticanus gr. 2200 dates to the eighth/ninth centuries, its unitary value has been divided between the eighth and the ninth century. Any uneven fractional numbers have been rounded.
It appears that historical apocalypses share the same significant increase of reproduction with non-historical prophecies.[40] This increase peaked in the sixteenth century in the aftermath of the halōsis of 1453 and during the ongoing struggle against Ottoman expansionism. Further apocalyptic material that will be discovered and published in the future will, in all likelihood, confirm this observation. If all manuscripts surveyed here are taken together and if duplicates are canceled out, one arrives at 688 different manuscripts, which contain the above listed 1024 textual witnesses. The following graph shows the percentage distribution of these manuscripts.
As the graph shows, about 70 % of all manuscripts containing medieval Greek apocalyptic material date to the fifteenth century or later. This circumstance establishes a historical filter, which needs to be taken into consideration when examining Byzantine apocalyptic thought. It remains a desideratum to investigate the manuscript (re)production of apocalyptic anthologies during the fifteenth/sixteenth centuries. Such a laborious analysis seems to be feasible, at least in part, given the fact that numerous anthologies can be studied with classical Lachmannian techniques; it can frequently be worked out which manuscript served as a model and which represents a copy. A hypothetical stemma codicum of a considerable number of apocalyptic anthologies appears feasible, even if toilsome. In addition to an investigation of the historical filter, it might be conducive to go beyond a traditional philological analysis and to focus on particular short text-blocks and oracles in order to compensate the textual limitations of the late manuscripts.[41] An overview of the extant prophecies appears indispensable for any such research. In either case, this preliminary inventory is hoped to facilitate further research on medieval Greek apocalyptica.
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