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Let those commandments be burned unto your heart: kafka’s in the penal colony and legal transmission

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International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Kafka’s works very often work as parables in which the lesson has been lost; or at least is ingeniously obfuscated from immediate understanding from the reader. His short story “In the Penal” Colony is no exception: the Traveller visits a penal colony with an unusual take on capital punishment as a sophisticated machine, built by the former commandant, inscribed unto the flesh of the criminals the law whose violation has resulted in their excruciating painful death. Our proposal is that the story is a clear reference of a very commonplace Jewish ritual of laying “tefillin”, i.e. phylacteries containing certain commandments and to be affixed to one’s head and arm every morning, and that such preoccupation of ensuring the transmission of the law by physical inscription unto the mind and the flesh.

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Notes

  1. In Kafka’s original German: “Die Nadeln sind eggenartig angeordnet, auch wird das Ganze wie eine Egge geführt, wenn auch bloss auf einem Platz und viel kunstgemässer. Sie werden es übrigens gleich verstehen. Hier auf das Bett wird der Verurteilte gelegt. – Ich will nämlich den Apparat zuerst beschreiben und dann erst die Prozedur selbst ausführen lassen. Sie erden ihr dann besser folgen können. Auch ist ein Zahnrad im Zeichner zu stark abgeschliffen; es kreischt sehr, wenn es im Gang ist; man kann sich dann kaum verständigen; Ersatzteile sind hier leider nur schwer zu beschaffen. – Also hier ist das Bett, wie ich sagte. Es ist ganz und gar mit einer Watteschicht bedeckt; den Zweck dessen werden Sie noch erfahren. Auf diese Watte wird der Verurteilte bäuchlings gelegt, natürlich nackt; hier sind für die Hände, hier für die Füsse, hier für den Hals Riemen, um ihn festzuschnallen. Hier am Kopfende des Bettes, wo der Mann, wie ich gesagt habe, zuerst mit dem Gesicht aufliegt, ist dieser kleine Filzstumpf, der leicht so reguliert werden kann, dass er dem Mann gerade in den Mund dringt. Er hat den Zweck, am Schreien und am Zerbeissen der Zunge zu hindern. Natürlich muss der Mann den Filz aufnehmen, da ihm sonst durch den Halsriemen das Genick gebrochen wird.

    […].

    Nun hören Sie! Sowohl das Bett, als auch der Zeichner haben ihre eigene elektrische Batterie; das Bett braucht sie für sich selbst, der Zeichner für die Egge. Sobald der Mann festgeschnallt ist, wird das Bett in Bewegung gesetzt. Es zittert in winzigen, sehr schnellen Zuckungen gleichzeitig seitlich, wie auch auf und ab. Sie werden ähnliche Apparate in Heilanstalten gesehen haben; nur sind bei unserem Bett alle Bewegungen genau berechnet; sie müssen nämlich peinlich auf die Bewegungen der Egge abgraestimmt sein. Dieser Egge aber ist die eigentliche Ausführung des Urteils überlassen".

    […].

    Dem Verurteilten wird das Gebot, das er übertreten hat, mit der Egge auf den Leib geschrieben. Diesem Verurteilten zum Beispiel “ – der Offizier zeigte auf den Mann – „wird auf den Leib geschrieben werden: Ehre deinen Vorgesetzten!” [4]

  2. And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, Sanctify unto me all the firstborn, whatsoever openeth the womb among the children of Israel, both of man and of beast: it is mine. And Moses said unto the people, Remember this day, in which ye came out from Egypt, out of the house of bondage; for by strength of hand the LORD brought you out from this place: there shall no leavened bread be eaten. This day came ye out in the month Abib. And it shall be when the LORD shall bring thee into the land of the Canaanites, and the Hittites, and the Amorites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites, which he sware unto thy fathers to give thee, a land flowing with milk and honey, that thou shalt keep this service in this month. Seven days thou shalt eat unleavened bread, and in the seventh day shall be a feast to the LORD. Unleavened bread shall be eaten seven days; and there shall no leavened bread be seen with thee, neither shall there be leaven seen with thee in all thy quarters. And thou shalt shew thy son in that day, saying, This is done because of that which the LORD did unto me when I came forth out of Egypt. And it shall be for a sign unto thee upon thine hand, and for a memorial between thine eyes, that the LORD'S law may be in thy mouth: for with a strong hand hath the LORD brought thee out of Egypt. Thou shalt therefore keep this ordinance in his season from year to year.

  3. That thou shalt set apart unto the LORD all that openeth the matrix, and every firstling that cometh of a beast which thou hast; the males shall be the LORD'S. And every firstling of an ass thou shalt redeem with a lamb; and if thou wilt not redeem it, then thou shalt break his neck: and all the firstborn of man among thy children shalt thou redeem. And it shall be when thy son asketh thee in time to come, saying, What is this? that thou shalt say unto him, By strength of hand the LORD brought us out from Egypt, from the house of bondage: And it came to pass, when Pharaoh would hardly let us go, that the LORD slew all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, both the firstborn of man, and the firstborn of beast: therefore I sacrifice to the LORD all that openeth the matrix, being males; but all the firstborn of my children I redeem. And it shall be for a token upon thine hand, and for frontlets between thine eyes: for by strength of hand the LORD brought us forth out of Egypt.

  4. Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God is one LORD: And thou shalt love the LORD thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might. And these words, which I command thee this day, shall be in thine heart: And thou shalt teach them diligently unto thy children, and shalt talk of them when thou sittest in thine house, and when thou walkest by the way, and when thou liest down, and when thou risest up. And thou shalt bind them for a sign upon thine hand, and they shall be as frontlets between thine eyes. And thou shalt write them upon the posts of thy house, and on thy gates.

  5. Take heed to yourselves, that your heart be not deceived, and ye turn aside, and serve other gods, and worship them; And then the LORD'S wrath be kindled against you, and he shut up the heaven, that there be no rain, and that the land yield not her fruit; and lest ye perish quickly from off the good land which the LORD giveth you. Therefore shall ye lay up these my words in your heart and in your soul, and bind them for a sign upon your hand, that they may be as frontlets between your eyes. And ye shall teach them your children, speaking of them when thou sittest in thine house, and when thou walkest by the way, when thou liest down, and when thou risest up. And thou shalt write them upon the door posts of thine house, and upon thy gates: That your days may be multiplied, and the days of your children, in the land which the LORD sware unto your fathers to give them, as the days of heaven upon the earth.

  6. The Jewish prayer containing the four Biblical passages enumerated above.

  7. Deuteronomy 11:19–21.

  8. ת"ר (דברים יא, יח) ושמתם סם תם נמשלה תורה כסם חיים משל לאדם שהכה את בנו מכה גדולה והניח לו רטיה על מכתו ואמר לו בני כל זמן שהרטיה זו על מכתך אכול מה שהנאתך ושתה מה שהנאתך ורחוץ בין בחמין בין בצונן ואין אתה מתיירא ואם אתה מעבירה הרי היא מעלה נומי.

  9. "Si Freud a consacré un livre au trait d’esprit, le Witz, Lacan y a rompu le discours de toute une vie d’analyste. Tandis que le premier considérait le bon mot comme une voie d’accès privilégiée à la scène inconsciente, au même titre que le rêve ou le lapsus, le second l’a érigé en principe méthodologique". Sédat, Jacques. 2012.Le mot d’esprit et l’esprit des mots. Études. N°6 p. 804.

  10. In Hebrew "שמור" (Leviticus 5:12). Jewish tradition insists that this order and "זכור” (be mindful) were “pronounced as one utterance”, as in the poem known as Lekha Dodi composed in the sixteenth century by Salonica-born Shlomo Halevi Alkabetz.

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Acknowledgements

The author wishes to express his gratitude to Dr Ekaterina Islentyeva, without whom his works and deeds would be devoid of meaning, and to Rabbi Yann Boissière (Mouvement Juif Libéral de France, Paris), for sharing his technical expertise and spiritual profoundness.

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  1. University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg

    Clément Labi

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Labi, C. Let those commandments be burned unto your heart: kafka’s in the penal colony and legal transmission. Int J Semiot Law 35, 675–685 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-021-09824-y

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