Abstract
This essay addresses the historical role of women’s work in the foundations debate in mathematical logic at the University of Cambridge. Part I gives an overview of the philosophical culture of Cambridge in the interwar era, its significance for women post-graduates, and its vested interests in achievement. Part II assesses the contents of the American logician Alice Ambrose’s post-graduate publications on the foundations debate, her teacher Ludwig Wittgenstein’s denunciation of her work, and Bertrand Russell’s subsequent critique of Ambrose’s remarks on the grammar of mathematical expression. At the center of this investigation is a portrait of Ambrose’s contributions to the Cambridge school of analysis and the elite capture of her ingenuity in elaborating Wittgenstein’s later philosophy. In recovering the historical context of this moment, the essay highlights those oblong dimensions of sociality in the English ancient university that warped women’s position as students and commentators in mathematical logic, giving shape to their later perspectives as late-twentieth-century professional philosophers.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
For the purposes of this article, I will follow Janssen-Lauret in characterizing philosophical analysis historically as “a logic-focused, heavily male-dominated enterprise.” Op cit., “Grandmothers of Analytic Philosophy: The Formal and Philosophical Logic of Christine Ladd-Franklin and Constance Jones” in Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science (forthcoming), p. 1.
- 2.
Anonymous, “[Marginalia]: Letter of 16 March 1934” in The Cambridge Moral Sciences Faculty Board Minutes. MIN.IV.10b. University Library Manuscripts Archive. University of Cambridge, p. unmarked [197a].
- 3.
Cf. Alice Ambrose, “Alice Ambrose to E. B. McGilvary, 19 May 1933” The Papers of Alice Ambrose. GBR/0012/MS.Add.9938/3. University Library Manuscripts Archive, University of Cambridge, Folio 20.
- 4.
Personal correspondence with Louise Clarke, Reading Room Superintendent, University Library Manuscripts Archive, University of Cambridge.
- 5.
Ambrose, “Alice Ambrose to E. B. McGilvary, 16 October 1932,” The Papers of Alice Ambrose, Folio 3–4. This is exhibited again in Ambrose’s ongoing concern in her first academic year for receiving the necessary funds from Newnham College to continue research as a post-graduate student vis-à-vis Moore’s contention that funding typically went to men of Trinity. Alice Ambrose, “Alice Ambrose to E. B. McGilvary, 19 May 1933”, The Papers of Alice Ambrose, Folio 23.
- 6.
Alice Ambrose, ‘In Defense of An Extensional Logic’. AW AM18 (M1-A-5). The University of Wisconsin, 1932.
- 7.
“Scholarships and Fellowships” in ‘Wellesley College Bulletin: Calendar Number 1932–1933.’ Wellesley, MA, 1932, p. 175. https://repository.wellesley.edu/islandora/object/wellesley%/3A484/datastream/OBJ/download (accessed 30 April 2022).
- 8.
Ambrose, “Alice Ambrose to E. B. McGilvary, 16 October 1932,” The Papers of Alice Ambrose, Folio 3–4.
- 9.
Op cit., “Alice Ambrose to E. B. McGilvary, 26 June 1933,” The Papers of Alice Ambrose, Folio 24.
- 10.
On the study of finitism in Wittgenstein’s philosophy of mathematics and logic see Mathieu Marion, Wittgenstein, Finitism, and the Foundations of Mathematics (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1998).
- 11.
Cf. For the 1932–1933 academic year, the Board of the Faculty of Moral Sciences announced Wittgenstein’s course lectures, “Philosophy for Mathematicians,” as open to students reading for the Mathematical Tripos “on payment of the composition fee of their Faculty.” Cf. Cambridge University Reporter (1932–1933, pp. 2, 26, 486, 510, 774, 798).
- 12.
Ambrose defines a verbal form as expressing both the truth and falsity of a proposition, what Wittgenstein identifies as the rules or “grammar” of logical statements. Op cit., “Finitism in Mathematics [II]” in Mind (New Series) 44, no. 175 (July 1935): 317n3.
- 13.
This was in spite of the 1932 publication of Kurt Gödel’s incompletability theorems, which proved the system of Principia to be incomplete and the metatheory of its axioms inconsistent.
- 14.
Contrast this with Frank P. Ramsey’s report on the results of the Tractatus to the Society of Apostles see: Cheryl Misak, Frank Ramsey: A Sheer Excess of Powers. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020, pp. 137–140, 215–216.
- 15.
Ambrose, “Finitism in Mathematics [II],” 319n1. Ambrose is cautious in the second half of her 1935 essay to stress that “Any reader who finds mistakes or absurdities in my views must not suppose that [Wittgenstein] is responsible for them. Even where … I cite an example actually given by him, it must not be assumed that the use which I make of such an example is that which he intended to make.” Her clarification is the result of the upsetting ordeal she experienced shortly after publication of the first half of “Finitism in Mathematics,” which I detail below.
- 16.
Ambrose’s use of the term of art ‘verification’ is peculiar; she seemingly ignores prevalent literatures on giving a verification in a system of logical empiricism and her commentary on verification is sui generis, excluding the obvious influence of Wittgenstein. Cf. Ambrose (1935b, p. 318).
- 17.
The other three being Martha Hurst’s essay article, “Implication in the Fourth Century B.C.” and Susan Stebbing’s critical notice on Carnap’s Logische Syntax der Sprache, published together in the third issue of the 1935 volume, along with Helen Knight’s piece, “Stout on Universals,” published in the fourth issue. On Mind as a new forum for women philosophers see: Thomas W. Staley, “The Journal Mind in its Early Years: 1876–1920: An Introduction” in The Journal of the History of Ideas 70, no. 2 (Apr., 2009): 261.
- 18.
Alice Ambrose, “Alice Ambrose to Dorothy Moore 16 February 1936”. The Correspondence of G. E. Moore. GBR/0012/MS Add.8830 8 L/8. University Library Manuscripts Archive, University of Cambridge, Folio 4.
- 19.
Russell in nearly all instances addressed recipients of his letters with the formal titles “Mr.,” “Mrs.” and “Miss.” His use of the title “Miss” in addressing Ambrose, then, evidences an intergenerational dispute over the way in which to publicly address a woman title holder in print. As I show, this etiquette was itself predicated on a culture of learning wherein women were not guaranteed the same access to education or certification as men. Russell’s elision of Ambrose’s formal title of doctor can therefore not be extricated from the world of elite masculinity and bias at Cambridge and should not be passed over without proper historicization. For more on Russell, sexism and historiography see: Connell and Janssen-Lauret (2022). Cf. Bertrand Russell, My thanks to Landon Elkind and Sophia Connell and Frederique Janssen-Lauret for illuminating aspects of this topic for me.
- 20.
R. B. Braithwaite, in his 1970 tribute to Russell made the point this way: “In his later writings [Russell] regarded the general problem as that of establishing an identity of the relational structure between the realm of perception and that of the physical world, without always realising that to say that two realms have the same structure is to say very little unless the ordering relations in both realms are given.” R. B. Braithwaite, “Bertrand Russell as Philosopher of Science,” The Journal for the Philosophy of Science 21, no. 2 (May 1970): 130.
- 21.
To make this even more plain to the intended audience, Ambrose in this section of her piece cites a “Dr. M. Lazerowitz,” her partner and a fellow Wittgensteinian, as concurring with her “that Russell and I both agree on the important point regarding the existence of an infinite expansion and disagree on the relatively trivial point as to what kind of impossibility is involved in the supposition that one runs through π.” Ambrose, “‘Finitism’ and the Limits of Empiricism,” “Mind (New Series) 46, no. 183 (Jul., 1937): 383.
- 22.
Ambrose, “Alice Ambrose to Dorothy Moore, 16 February 1936”. The Correspondence of G.E. Moore, Folio 3–5.
- 23.
Janssen-Lauret and Connell (2022) have noted the common assumption in the historiography of analytic philosophy that Lazerowitz, and not Ambrose, was the source of philosophical insight in their partnership. My forthcoming research on Ambrose and Lazerowitz and Smith College’s Department of Philosophy shows this to, indeed, be incorrect—the result of the continued prevalence of implicit bias in disciplinary philosophy after 1945. In point of fact, it was Ambrose, not Lazerowitz, who was responsible for the logic-focused heavy-lifting in their partnership. See: David Loner, “Alice Ambrose and Morris Lazerowitz and the Later Wittgenstein in Postwar US Women’s College Education, 1938–1972” (forthcoming). On claims of Lazerowitz’s supposed intellectual leadership over Ambrose and bias in historiography see also Connell (2022).
- 24.
Alice Ambrose, “Recollections of Wittgenstein.” CA-MS-00101. Alice Ambrose Lazerowitz and Morris Lazerowitz Papers, Smith College Archives, Smith College, Box 895, Folder, 19, Folio 2.
- 25.
Selections quoted herein from The Papers of Alice Ambrose, The Correspondence of G. E. Moore and the Minutes of the Board of the Cambridge Moral Sciences Faculty and the Cambridge University Reporter appear courtesy of the Syndics of Cambridge University Press. Selections quoted herein from The Alice Ambrose Lazerowitz and Morris Lazerowitz Papers appear courtesy of Smith College Archive. Excerpts from Frederique Janssen-Lauret’s forthcoming articles appear courtesy of the author. My thanks to Landon Elkind and Alex Klein for their editorial guidance and to Michael Beaney for his kind invitation to contribute to this volume. My thanks also to Frank Bowles and Nanci Young for their expert knowledge in securing access to archival materials. Portions of this article were first presented to the Bertrand Russell Society’s March 5–6, 2021, conference, “Feminism and Philosophical Women in Russell’s Circle,” hosted online by McMaster University’s Bertrand Russell Research Centre.
References
Ambrose, Alice. 1932. A Defense of Extensional Logic. University of Wisconsin.
———. 1933. A Controversy in the Logic of Mathematics. The Philosophical Review 42 (6): 594–611.
———. 1935a. Finitism in Mathematics [I]. Mind (New Series) 44 (174): 186–203.
———. 1935b. Finitism in Mathematics [II]. Mind (New Series) 44 (175): 317–340.
———. 1936. The Nature of the Question ‘Are There Three Consecutive 7’s in the Expansion of π?’. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 22: 505–513.
———. 1937. Finitism and ‘The Limits of Empiricism’. Mind (New Series) 46 (183): 379–385.
———. 1938. Finitism (Ph.D. thesis). PhD 935. University of Cambridge.
———. 1968. The Revolution in Philosophy: From the Structure of the World to the Structure of Language. The Massachusetts Review 9 (3): 551–564.
———. 1972. Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Portrait. In Ludwig Wittgenstein: Language and Philosophy, 13–25. London: Routledge.
———. 1989. Moore and Wittgenstein as Teachers. Teaching Philosophy 12 (2): 107–118.
———. n.d.-a ‘The Changing Face of Philosophy (Engel Lecture).’ Alice Ambrose Lazerowitz and Morris Lazerowitz Papers. CA-MS-00101. Smith College Archives, Smith College. Box 895, Folder 8.
———. n.d.-b ‘Recollections of Wittgenstein’. Alice Ambrose Lazerowitz and Morris Lazerowitz Papers. CA-MS-00101. Alice Ambrose Lazerowitz and Morris Lazerowitz Papers, Smith College Archives, Smith College, Box 895, Folder, 19.
Ambrose, Alice, and Morris Lazerowitz. 1976. Philosophical Theories. Berlin: de Gruyter.
Baldwin, Thomas. 2013. G. E. Moore and the Cambridge School of Analysis. In The Oxford Handbook of the History of Analytic Philosophy, ed. Michael Beaney, 430–450. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Beaney, Michael. 2013. The Historiography of Analytic Philosophy. In The Oxford Handbook of the History of Analytic Philosophy, 30–60. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
———. 2019. Developments and Debates in the Historiography of Philosophy. In The Cambridge History of Philosophy: 1945–2015, ed. Kelly Becker and Iain D. Thomson, 725–758. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Black, Max, John Wisdom, and Maurice Cornforth. 1934. Symposium: Is Analysis a Useful Method in Philosophy? Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society: Supplemental Volumes 13: Modern Tendencies in Philosophy, 53–118.
Braithwaite, R.B. 1970. Bertrand Russell as Philosopher of Science. The Journal for the Philosophy of Science 21 (2): 128–132.
Brockliss, Laurence. 2016. The University of Oxford: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bruneau, William. 2021. Four Decades, Four Women, and Russell, 1894–1934. Presentation. Feminism and Philosophical Women in Russell’s Circle. McMaster University. 5–6 March 2021 (online).
Cambridge University Reporter. 1932–1933. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cellucci, Carlo. 2009. Indiscrete Variations on Gian-Carlo Rota’s Themes. In From Combinatorics to Philosophy: The Legacy of G.-C. Rota, ed. Ernesto Damiani, Octtavio D’Antona, Vincenzo Marra, and Fabrizio Palombi, 211–228. Berlin: Springer.
Chapman, Siobhan. 2013. Susan Stebbing and the Language of Common Sense. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Connell, Sophia M. 2021. Bertrand Russell on Sex, Marriage, and the Right of Fathers. Presentation. Feminism and Philosophical Women in Russell’s Circle. McMaster University. 5–6 March 2021 (online).
———. 2022. Alice Ambrose and Early Analytic Philosophy. British Journal for the History of Philosophy 30 (2): 312–335.
Connell, Sophia M., and Frederique Janssen-Lauret. 2022. Lost Voices: On Counteracting Exclusion of Women from the History of Contemporary Philosophy. British Journal for the History of Philosophy 30 (2): 199–210.
De Pellegrin, Enzo. 2019. The Brown Book of Alice Ambrose: Remarks on Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Dictated Notes, 1934–35. Wittgenstein-Studien 10 (1): 1–36.
Deslandes, Paul R. 2006. Oxbridge Men: British Masculinity and the Undergraduate Experience, 1860–1920. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Dezurick-Badran, Emily. 2013. ‘It’s a Person’s Privilege to Go to Hell’: How Ludwig Wittgenstein and Alice Ambrose Fell Out. Cambridge University Library Special Collections. 5 August 2013. https://specialcollections-blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=5219.
Dutta, Diya. 2009. Elite Capture and Corruption: Concepts and Definitions. National Council of Applied Economic Research, October, pp. 1–16.
Engelmann, Mauro L., and Belo Horizonte. 2009. The Multiple Complete Systems Conception of Fil Conducteur of Wittgenstein’s Philosophy of Mathematics. In A Selection of Papers from the International Wittgenstein Symposia in Kirchberg am Wechsel: Papers of the 32nd IWS, ed. V. Munz, K. Puhl, and J. Wang, 111–113. Kirchberg am Wechsel: ALWS.
Ferreirós, José. 2008. The Crisis in the Foundations of Mathematics. In The Princeton Companion to Mathematics, ed. Timothy Gowers, June Barrow-Green, and Imre Leader, 142–156. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
———. 2009. Hilbert, Logicism, and Mathematical Existence. Synthese 170 (33): 33–70.
Floyd, Juliet, and Felix Muhlholzer. 2020. Wittgenstein’s Annotations to Hardy’s Course on Pure Mathematics: An Investigation of Wittgenstein’s Non-Existensionalist Understanding of Real Numbers. Berlin: Springer.
Forrester, John, and Laura Cameron. 2017. Freud in Cambridge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Freeman, Elizabeth, and Time Binds. 2010. Queer Temporalities, Queer Histories. Durham: Duke University Press.
Glock, Hans-Johann. 1996. A Wittgenstein Dictionary. Oxford: Wiley.
———. 2008. Analytic Philosophy and History: A Mismatch? Mind (New Series) 117 (468): 867–897.
Hacker, P.M.S. 1981. Review: ‘Ludwig Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle: Conversations Recorded by Friedrich Waismann’ by Brian McGuinness, Joachim Schulte and Brian McGuinness: ‘Wittgenstein’s Lectures: Cambridge 1930–1932, From the Notes of John King Desmond Lee’ by Desmond Lee: ‘Wittgenstein’s Lectures: Cambridge 1932–1935, from the Notes of Alice Ambrose and Margaret MacDonald’ by Alice Ambrose. The Philosophical Review 90 (3): 447–448.
Harrison, Brian. 1984. Bertrand Russell: The False Consciousness of a Feminist. Russell: The Journal of Bertrand Russell Studies 4 (1): 157–205.
Heyting, Arend. 1930. Sur la logique intuitioniste. Académie Royale de Belgique, Bulletin de la Classe des Sciences 16: 957–963.
Hilbert, David. 1905. Über die Grundlagen der Logik und der Arithmetik. In Verhandlungen des dritten Internationalen Mathematiker-Kongresses in Heidelberg vom 8. bis 13. August 1904, ed. A. Krazer, 174–185. Leipzig: Teuber.
———. 1926. Über das Unendliche. Mathematische Annalen 95: 161–190.
———. 1931. Die intuitionistische Grundlegung der Mathematik. Erkenntnis 2: 106–115.
Isaac, Joel. 2017. Pain, Analytical Philosophy and American Intellectual History. In The Worlds of American Intellectual History, ed. Joel Isaac, James T. Kloppenberg, Michael O’Brien, and Jennifer Ratner-Rosenhagen, 202–217. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Janssen-Lauret, Frederique. 2015. Making Room for Women in Our Tools for Teaching Logic: A Proposal for Promoting Gender-Inclusiveness. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Tools for Teaching Logic, 65–73. Rennes, France http://ttl2015.irisa.fr/.
———. 2022. The Grandmothers of Analytic Philosophy: The Formal and Philosophical Logic of Christine Ladd-Franklin and Constance Jones. Minnesota Studies in Philosophy of Science (forthcoming; Online Open Source).
Jarvis, Katie. 2019. Politics in the Marketplace: Work, Gender and Citizenship in Revolutionary France. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jones, H. Stuart. 2007. Intellect and Character in Victorian England: Mark Pattinson and the Invention of the Don. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kent, Sally. 2019. ‘A Degree of Different Character’: 100 Years of the Cambridge PhD. Cambridge University Library Special Collections. 4 January 2019. https://specialcollections-blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=17052.
Kiteley, Murray J. 2001. Alice Ambrose Lazerowitz, 1906–2001. Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association 74 (5): 241–242.
Klagge, James C. 2019. Wittgenstein’s Lectures, Revisited. Nordic Wittgenstein Review 8 (1–2): 11–82.
Kosofsky Sedgwick, Eve. 1985 [2002]. Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire. New York: Columbia University Press.
Kraal, Anders. 2014. The Aim of Russell’s Early Logicism: A Reinterpretation. Synthese 191: 1493–1510.
Kreisel, Georg, and Maxwell Herman Alexander Newman. 1969. Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer, 1881–1961. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 15: 39–68.
Kremer, Michael. 2001. The Purpose of Tractarian Nonsense. Noûs 35 (1): 39–73.
———. 2022. Margaret MacDonald and Gilbert Ryle: A Philosophical Friendship. British Journal for the History of Philosophy 30 (2): 288–311.
Langford, C.H. 1937. Review: The Nature of the Question: ‘Are There Three Consecutive 7’s in the Expansion of π?’ by Alice Ambrose. The Journal of Symbolic Logic 2 (1): 171–172.
“Lazerowitz, Alice Ambrose”. 2022. Smithipedia. https://sophia.smith.edu/blog/smithipedia/faculty-staff/lazerowitz-alice-ambrose/.
Le Doeuff, Michèle. 1980. The Philosophical Imaginary. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Loner, David. forthcoming. Alice Ambrose and Morris Lazerowitz and the Later Wittgenstein in Postwar US Women’s College Education, 1938–1972.
Lubenow, William C. 1998. Cambridge Apostles, 1820–1914: Liberalism, Imagination and Friendship in British Intellectual and Professional Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
———. 2015. ‘Only Connect’: Learned Societies in Nineteenth-Century Britain. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
Manne, Kate. 2017. Down Girl: The Logic of Misogyny. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Marion, Mathieu. 1996. Wittgenstein, Finitism and the Foundations of Mathematics. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
McGuinness, Brian, ed. 2008. Wittgenstein in Cambridge: Letters and Documents, 1911–1951. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
McWilliams Tullberg, Ruth. 1975. Women in Cambridge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Misak, Cheryl. 2020. Frank Ramsey: A Sheer Excess of Powers. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Moorhouse, Fin, and Luca Righetti. 2021. Nikhil Krishnan on the History and Future of Analytic Philosophy. Hear This Idea. February 20, 2021.
Moschovakis, Joan. 2009. The Logic of Brouwer and Heyting. In Handbook of the History of Logic Volume 5: Logic from Russell to Church, 77–127. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Moschovakis, Joan, and Garyfallia Vafeiadou. 2020. Intuitionist Mathematics and Logic. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 1–28. https://hearthisidea.com/episodes/nikhil#academic-journals.
Mulhall, Stephen. 2015. The Great Riddle: Wittgenstein and Nonsense, Theology and Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
O’Shea, James R. 2008. American Philosophy in the Twentieth Century. In The Routledge Companion to Twentieth Century Philosophy, 204–253. London: Routledge.
Phipps, Pauline A. 2015. Constance Maynard’s Passions: Religion, Sexuality, and an English Educational Pioneer, 1849–1935. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
“Proceedings.” 1975–1976. Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association 49: 89–109.
“[Program].” 2017. Founding Mothers: Women in the History of Analytic Philosophy. September 1, 2017. https://feministphilosophers.wordpress.com/2017/09/01/founding-mothers-of-analytic-philosophy/.
Rée, Jonathan. 2019. For Wittgenstein, Philosophy Had to Be as Complicated as the Knots It Unties: Making Sense of Nonsense, from Bertrand Russell to the Existentialists. Literary Hub. 21 August 2019. https://lithub.com/for-wittgenstein-philosophy-had-to-be-as-complicated-as-the-knots-it-unties/.
Riley, Dylan. 2018. What Is Trump? New Left Review (Second Series) 114 (November–December): 5–31.
Russell, Bertrand. 1908. ‘If’ and ‘Imply’, A Reply to Mr. MacColl. Mind (New Series) 17 (66): 300–303.
———. 1910. Some Explanation in My Reply to Mr. Bradley. Mind (New Series) 19 (75): 373–378.
———. 1913. The Nature of Sense-Data—A Reply to Dr. Dawes Hicks. Mind (New Series) 22 (85): 76–81.
———. 1922. The Analysis of Mind. London: George Allen & Unwin.
———. 1935–1936. The Limits of Empiricism. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 36: 131–150.
Ryan, Alan. 1999. The Voice from the Hearth-Rug. London Review of Books 21(21). 28 October 1999. https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v21/n21/alan-ryan/the-voice-from-the-hearth-rug.
Staley, Thomas W. 2009. The Journal Mind in Its Early Years, 1876–1920: An Introduction. The Journal of the History of Ideas 70 (2): 259–263.
Stebbing, L. Susan. 1932. The Method of Analysis in Metaphysics. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 33: 65–92.
———. 1961. A Modern Introduction to Logic. New York: Harper & Brothers.
Táíwò, Olúfẹ́mi O. 2020. Identity Politics and Elite Capture. Boston Review. May 7, 2020. http://bostonreview.net/race/olufemi-o-taiwo-identity-politics-and-elite-capture.
Tribe, Keith. 2017. The Moral Sciences in 19th Century Cambridge at SCAS 2017 09 26. YouTube: Swedish Collegium Scas. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0LvKMIg7tZI.
———. 2022. Constructing Economic Science: The Invention of a Discipline, 1850–1950. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
van Dalen, Dirk. 2013. L. E. J. Brouwer: Topologist, Intuitionist, Philosopher. Berlin: Springer.
Waithe, Mary Ellen. 1994. Acknowledgment to Volume 4. In A History of Women Philosophers 4: Contemporary Women Philosophers, 1900–Present, ed. Mary Ellen Waithe. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
‘Wellesley College Bulletin: Calendar Number 1932–1933.’ 1932. Wellesley College Archives. Library and Technology Services. Wellesley, MA.
Williams, Raymond. 1976. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. London: Fontana Press.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 1922 [2009]. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Translated by David Pears and Brian McGuinness. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
———. 1929. Some Remarks on Logical Form. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes 9: Knowledge, Experience and Realism, vol. 9, 162–171. JSTOR. Accessed 14 September 2023. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4106481.
———. 1956 [1958]. Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics. Edited by G.H. von Wright, Rush Rhees, and G.E.M. Anscombe. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
———. 1975. Philosophical Remarks. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
———. 1979. Wittgenstein’s Lectures, Cambridge, 1932–1935: From the Notes of Alice Ambrose and Margaret MacDonald. Edited by Alice Ambrose. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
———. 2016. Wittgenstein’s Lectures, Cambridge, 1930–1933: From the Notes of G. E. Moore. Edited by David Stern, Brian Rogers, Gabriel Citron. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wolff, Jonathan. 2013. Analytic Political Philosophy. In The Oxford Handbook of the History of Analytic Philosophy, ed. Michael Beaney, 795–824. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Zach, Richard. 2006. Hilbert’s Program, Then and Now. In Handbook of the Philosophy of Science 5: Philosophy and Logic, ed. Dale Jacquette, 411–447. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
———. 2019. Hilbert’s Program. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. May 24, 2019. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hilbert-program/.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Loner, D. (2024). Alice Ambrose and Women’s Work in the Foundations Debate at the University of Cambridge, 1932–1937. In: Elkind, L.D.C., Klein, A.M. (eds) Bertrand Russell, Feminism, and Women Philosophers in his Circle. History of Analytic Philosophy. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33026-1_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33026-1_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-33025-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-33026-1
eBook Packages: Religion and PhilosophyPhilosophy and Religion (R0)