References
M. Planck,Verh. Dtsch. Phys. Ges. 2, 202 (1900).
A. Einstein,Ann. Phys. (Leipzig) 17, 132 (1905).
N. Bohr,Philos. Mag. 26, 1 (1913).
A. Sommerfield,Sitz. Ber. Bayer Akad. Wiss. (Munich), Dec. 1915, p. 425. See alsoAtombau und Spektrallinien (Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig, 1919);Z. Phys. 1, 135 (1920).
G. N. Lewis,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 38, 762 (1916); I. Langmuir,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 41, 868 (1919).
W. Pauli,Z. Phys. 31, 765 (1925).
N. Bohr,Drei Aufsätze über Spektren und Atombau (Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig, 1922); see alsoCollected Works, Vol. 4,The Periodic System 1920–1923, J. Rud Nielsen, ed. (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1977); see also P. O. Löwdin,Int. J. Quantum Chem. 3S, 331 (1969).
L. de Broglie, Thesis, Paris, 1924.
E. Schrödinger,Ann. Phys. (Leipzig) 79, 361 (1926).
R. Courant and D. Hilbert,Methods of Mathematical Physics, English edition (Interscience, New York, 1953).
W. Heisenberg,Z. Phys. 33, 879 (1925); M. Born, W. Heisenberg, and P. Jordan,Z. Phys. 35, 557 (1926).
P. A. M. Dirac,Proc. R. Soc. London A 113, 621 (1926).
E. Schrödinger,Ann. Phys. (Leipzig) 79, 734 (1926); see also J. von Neumann,Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantemechanik (Springer, Berlin, 1932).
W. Heisenberg,Z. Phys. 43, 172 (1927).
W. Heisenberg,Z. Phys. 38, 411 (1926);39, 499 (1926).
P. A. M. Dirac,The Principles of Quantum Mechanics, 4th edn. (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1958).
E. A. Hylleraas,Z. Phys. 48, 81 (1928); see also E. A. Hylleraas,Abhandlungen aus den Jahren 1926–37 (Oslo, 1956), andProceedings, Hylleraas Symposium: Rev. Mod. Phys. 35(3) (July, 1963).
W. Heitler and F. London,Z. Phys. 44, 455 (1927).
Y. Sugiura,Z. Phys. 45, 484 (1927); H. M. James and A. S. Coolidge,J. Chem. Phys. 1, 825 (1933);3, 129 (1935).
G. E. Uhlenbeck and S. Goudsmit,Naturwissenschaften 13, 953 (1925);Nature (London) 117, 264 (1926).
J. von Neumann,Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik (Springer, Berlin, 1932); see also G. Birkhoff and J. von Neumann,Ann. Math. 37, 823 (1936).
P. O. Löwdin,Int. J. Quantum Chem. 12, Suppl. 1, 197 (1978);21, 275 (1982).
P. O. Löwdin,Int. J. Quantum Chem. 29, 1651 (1986).
J. D. Watson and F. H. C. Crick,Nature (London) 171, 737, 964 (1953).
G. N. Lewis,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 38, 762 (1916); I. Langmuir,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 41, 868 (1919). M. L. Huggins, Doctoral Thesis (1918); see alsoAm. Sci. 50, 485 (1962).
P. O. Löwdin,Rev. Mod. Phys. 35, 724 (1963);Adv. Quantum Chem. 2, 216 (1967);Pontif. Acad. Sci. Scr. Varia 31, 637 (1967).
See, e.g., A. Pullman and B. Pullman,Quantum Biochemistry (Wiley, New York, 1963); for more complete references, the reader is referred toProceedings, Sanibel Conferences in “Quantum Biology and Quantum Pharmacology,” Vols. 1–18 (Wiley, New York, 1974–1991).
Some specific models of the brain have been worked out by L. Cooper and by J. Hopfield; see also J. A. Anderson, inFrom Theoretical Physics to Biology, M. Marois, ed. (Institute de la Vie, Paris, 1981); P. O. Löwdin, inProc. 60th Anniv. Conf. Swedish Acad. Tech. Sci., T. Stubb, ed. (Helsinki, 1982);Self-Organization, p. 23, S. Fox, ed. (Adenine Press, 1986).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Löwdin, PO. Some aspects of objectivity and reality in modern science. Found Phys 22, 41–105 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01883380
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01883380