Abstract
The alleged emergence of a ‘post-truth’ regime links the rise of new forms of social media and the reemergence of political populism. Post-truth has theoretical roots in the interdisciplinary field of Science and Technology Studies (STS), with sociologists of science arguing that both true and false claims should be explained by the same kinds of social causes. Most STS theorists have sought to deflect blame for post-truth, while at the same time enacting a normative turn, looking to deconstruct truth claims and subject expertise to criticism. Steve Fuller has developed a positive case for post-truth in science, arguing that post-truth democratizes science. I criticize this argument and suggest an alternative approach that draws on the prehistory of the field in the 1930s and 1940s, when philosophers and sociologists sought to define the social conditions necessary for reliable knowledge production that might stem mass media irrationalism.
References
Ariew, R., and P. Barker. 1986. “Duhem on Maxwell: A Case-Study in the Interrelations of History of Science and Philosophy of Science.” In PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, Vol. 1986, 145–56. University of Chicago Press.10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1986.1.193116Search in Google Scholar
Aronova, E. 2012. “The Congress for Cultural Freedom, Minerva, and the Quest for Instituting “Science Studies” in the Age of Cold War.” Minerva 50: 307–37.10.1007/s11024-012-9206-6Search in Google Scholar
Beddeleem, M. 2017. “Fighting for the Mantle of Science: The Epistemological Foundations of Neoliberalism, 1931–1951.” PhD thesis, University of Montreal.Search in Google Scholar
Berman, P. 2003. Terror and Liberalism. New York: Norton.Search in Google Scholar
Bernal, J. D. 1937. “Dialectical Materialism and Modern Science.” Science & Society 2: 58–66.Search in Google Scholar
Bichler, S., and J. Nitzan. 2013. “Capitalism as a Mode of Power.” In 22 Ideas to Fix the World: Conversations with the World’s Foremost Thinkers, edited by P. Dutkiewicz, and R. Sakwa, 325–54. New York: New York University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Blackett, P. M. S. 1935. “The Frustration of Science.” In The Frustration of Science, edited by D. Hall, J. G. Crowther, J. D. Bernal, V. H. Mottram, P. A. Gorer, and P. M. S. Blackett, 129–41. New York: W. W. Norton.Search in Google Scholar
Böhme, G., W. Daele, R. Hohlfeld, W. Krohn, and W. Schäfer. 1983. Finalization in Science: The Social Orientation of Scientific Progress. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.10.1007/978-94-009-7080-9Search in Google Scholar
Campbell, D. T. 1965. “Variation and Selective Retention in Sociocultural Systems.” In Social Change in Developing Areas: A Reinterpretation of Evolutionary Theory, edited by H. R. Barringer, G. I. Blanksten, and R. W. Mack, 19–49. Cambridge: Schenkman.Search in Google Scholar
Campbell, D. T. 1983. “The Two Distinct Routes beyond Kin Selection to Ultrasociality: Implications for the Humanities and Social Sciences.” In The Nature of Prosocial Development: Interdisciplinary Theories and Strategies, edited by D. L. Bridgeman, 11–41. New York: Academic Press.Search in Google Scholar
Cartwright, N., J. Cat, L. Fleck, and T. E. Uebel, 1996. Otto Neurath: Philosophy between Science and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511598241Search in Google Scholar
Collins, H., R. Evans, and M. Weinel. 2017. “STS as Science or Politics?” Social Studies of Science 47: 580–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312717710131.Search in Google Scholar
Collins, H. M. 1988. “Public Experiments and Displays of Virtuosity: The Core-Set Revisited.” Social Studies of Science 18: 725–48.10.1177/030631288018004006Search in Google Scholar
Collins, H. M., and R. Evans. 2007. Rethinking Expertise. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226113623.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Connors, L., and W. Mitchell. 2017. “Framing Modern Monetary Theory.” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 40: 239–59.10.1080/01603477.2016.1262746Search in Google Scholar
da Cunha, I. F. 2013. “The Utopia of Unified Science: The Political Struggle of Otto Neurath and the Vienna Circle.” Principia: An International Journal of Epistemology 17: 319–29.10.5007/1808-1711.2013v17n2p319Search in Google Scholar
Danielewski, M. Z. 2000. House of Leaves. New York: Pantheon Books.Search in Google Scholar
Dewey, J., J. P. Chamberlain, A. Rosmer, E. Alsworth Ross, B. Stolberg, W. Thomas, C. Tresca, F. Zamora, and S. La Follette. 1938. Not Guilty: Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Charges Made against Leon Trotsky in the Moscow Trials. New York: London Secker & Warburg.Search in Google Scholar
Edmond, G., and D. Mercer. 2006. “Anti-Social Epistemologies.” Social Studies of Science 36: 843–53.10.1177/0306312706067900Search in Google Scholar
Feyerabend, P. 1978. Against Method: Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge. London: Verso.Search in Google Scholar
Feyerabend, P. 1999. Conquest of Abundance: A Tale of Abstraction versus the Richness of Being. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Search in Google Scholar
Feyerabend, P. 2011. Tyranny of Science. London: Polity Press.Search in Google Scholar
Feyerabend, P. K. 1994. “Art as a Product of Nature as a Work of Art.” World Futures 40: 87–100.10.1007/978-94-011-0469-2_1Search in Google Scholar
Finchelstein, F. 2019. “Populism without Borders: Notes on a Global History.” Constellations 26: 418–29.10.1111/1467-8675.12431Search in Google Scholar
Frickel, S., S. Gibbon, J. Howard, J. Kempner, G. Ottinger, and D. J. Hess. 2010. “Undone Science: Charting Social Movement and Civil Society Challenges to Research Agenda Setting.” Science, Technology & Human Values 35: 444–73.10.1177/0162243909345836Search in Google Scholar
Fujimura, J. H., and C. J. Holmes. 2019. “Staying the Course: On the Value of Social Studies of Science in Resistance to the “Post-Truth” Movement.” Sociological Forum 34: 1251–63.10.1111/socf.12545Search in Google Scholar
Fuller, S. 1987. “On Regulating What Is Known: A Way to Social Epistemology.” Synthese 73: 145–83.10.1007/BF00485445Search in Google Scholar
Fuller, S. 1988. Social Epistemology. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Fuller, S. 1993. Philosophy, Rhetoric, and the End of Knowledge: The Coming of Science and Technology Studies. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Search in Google Scholar
Fuller, S. 2000a. The Governance of Science: Ideology and the Future of the Open Society. Buckingham: Open University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Fuller, S. 2000b. Thomas Kuhn: A Philosophical History for Our Times. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Search in Google Scholar
Fuller, S. 2004. Kuhn vs. Popper: The Struggle for the Soul of Science. New York: Columbia University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Fuller, S. 2005a. “A Parting Shot at Misunderstanding: Fuller vs. Kuhn.” Metascience 14: 12–9.10.1007/s11016-004-8089-zSearch in Google Scholar
Fuller, S. 2005b. “Kuhnenstein, or, the Importance of Being Read.” Philosophy of the Social Sciences 35: 480–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/0048393105280868.Search in Google Scholar
Fuller, S. 2005c. “Social Epistemology: Preserving the Integrity of Knowledge about Knowledge.” In Handbook on the Knowledge Economy, edited by D. Rooney, G. Hearn, and A. Ninan, 67–79. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.10.4337/9781845426842.00013Search in Google Scholar
Fuller, S. 2016a. The Academic Caesar: University Leadership is Hard. Los Angeles: Sage.10.4135/9781473984264Search in Google Scholar
Fuller, S. 2016b. “Social Epistemology for Theodicy without Deference: Response to William Lynch.” Symposium: Theoretical and Applied Inquiries in Philosophy and Social Sciences 3: 207–18.10.5840/symposion20163216Search in Google Scholar
Fuller, S. 2016c. “What is the Problem for Which Interdisciplinarity is the Solution?” Items: Insights from the Social Science.Search in Google Scholar
Fuller, S. 2020a. “The Emergence of Civil Libertarian Science in Pandemic Times.” Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective 9 (12): 10–3.Search in Google Scholar
Fuller, S. 2020b. “Knowledge Socialism Purged of Marx: The Return of Organized Capitalism.” In Knowledge Socialism: The Rise of Peer Production: Collegiality, Collaboration, and Collective Intelligence, edited by M. A. Peters, T. Besley, P. Jandrić, and Z Xudong, 117–34. Singapore: Springer.10.1007/978-981-13-8126-3_7Search in Google Scholar
Fuller, S. 2020c. A Player’s Guide to the Post-Truth Condition: The Name of the Game. London: Anthem.Search in Google Scholar
Fuller, S. 2021a. “Knowing the Unknowers.” Journal of Cultural Economy 14: 364–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2021.1879214.Search in Google Scholar
Fuller, S. 2021b. “Post-truth.” In Dunc Tank. February 6, Podcast.10.2307/j.ctvgd30vSearch in Google Scholar
Fuller, S., and V. Lipińska. 2014. The Proactionary Imperative: A Foundation for Transhumanism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9781137302922Search in Google Scholar
Galison, P. 1997. Image and Logic: A Material Culture of Microphysics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.10.1063/1.882027Search in Google Scholar
Gil-White, F. J. 2005. “How Conformism Creates Ethnicity Creates Conformism (And Why This Matters to Lots of Things).” The Monist 88: 189–237. https://doi.org/10.5840/monist200588211.Search in Google Scholar
Goldberg, R. F., and L. N. Vandenberg. 2019. “Distract, Delay, Disrupt: Examples of Manufactured Doubt from Five Industries.” Reviews on Environmental Health 34: 349–63. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2019-0004.Search in Google Scholar
Granovetter, M. S. 1973. “The Strength of Weak Ties.” American Journal of Sociology 78: 1360–80. https://doi.org/10.1086/225469.Search in Google Scholar
Hacohen, M. H. 2000. Karl Popper, the Formative Years, 1902-1945: Politics and Philosophy in Interwar Vienna. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Henrich, J. 2016. The Secret of Our Success: How Culture is Driving Human Evolution, Domesticating Our Species, and Making Us Smarter. Princeton: Princeton University Press.10.1515/9781400873296Search in Google Scholar
Henrich, J., and F. J. Gil-White. 2001. “The Evolution of Prestige: Freely Conferred Deference as a Mechanism for Enhancing the Benefits of Cultural Transmission.” Evolution and Human Behavior 22: 165–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1090-5138(00)00071-4.Search in Google Scholar
Hessen, B. 1931. “The Social and Economic Roots of Newton’s Principia.” In Science at the Crossroads, edited by N. Bukharin. London: Kniga.10.1007/978-1-4020-9604-4_2Search in Google Scholar
Hoyningen-Huene, P. 1995. “Two Letters of Paul Feyerabend to Thomas S. Kuhn on a Draft of the Structure of Scientific Revolutions.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 26: 353–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-3681(95)00005-8.Search in Google Scholar
Hull, D. L. 1988. Science as a Process: An Evolutionary Account of the Social and Conceptual Development of Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226360492.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Jamieson, K. H., and J. N. Cappella. 2010. Echo Chamber: Rush Limbaugh and the Conservative Media Establishment. New York: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Kuby, D. 2016. “Feyerabend’s ‘The Concept of Intelligibility in Modern Physics’ (1948).” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 57: 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2015.11.004.Search in Google Scholar
Kuby, D. 2020. “Decision-Based Epistemology: Sketching a Systematic Framework of Feyerabend’s Metaphilosophy.” Synthese 199: 3271–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-020-02934-3.Search in Google Scholar
Lakatos, I. 1976. Proofs and Refutations: The Logic of Mathematical Discovery. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139171472Search in Google Scholar
Lakatos, I., and P. Feyerabend. 1999. For and Against Method: Including Lakatos’ Lectures on Scientific Method and the. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226467030.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Latour, B. 2018. Down to Earth: Politics in the New Climatic Regime. Cambridge: Polity.Search in Google Scholar
Laymon, R. 1977. “Feyerabend, Brownian Motion, and the Hiddenness of Refuting Facts.” Philosophy of Science 44: 225–47. https://doi.org/10.1086/288740.Search in Google Scholar
Liston, M. 2017. “Duhem: Images of Science, Historical Continuity, and the First Crisis in Physics.” Transversal: International Journal for the Historiography of Science 2: 73–84.10.24117/2526-2270.2017.i2.07Search in Google Scholar
Lynch, M. 2006. “From Ruse to Farce.” Social Studies of Science 36: 819–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312706067897.Search in Google Scholar
Lynch, M., and S. Cole. 2005. “Science and Technology Studies on Trial: Dilemmas of Expertise.” Social Studies of Science 35: 269–311. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312705048715.Search in Google Scholar
Lynch, W. T. 2003. “Beyond Cold War Paradigms for Science and Democracy.” Minerva 41: 365–79. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:mine.0000005159.50541.9b.10.1023/B:MINE.0000005159.50541.9bSearch in Google Scholar
Lynch, W. T. 2020. “Science and Socialism in the Time of Coronavirus.” Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective 9: 16–25.Search in Google Scholar
Lynch, W. T. 2021. Minority Report: Dissent and Diversity in Science. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.Search in Google Scholar
McGoey, L. 2019. The Unknowers: How Strategic Ignorance Rules the World. London: Zed Books.10.5040/9781350225725Search in Google Scholar
Merton, R. K. 1946. Mass Persuasion: The Social Psychology of a War Bond Drive. New York: Harper and Brothers.Search in Google Scholar
Miller, E. H. 2015. Nut Country: Right-Wing Dallas and the Birth of the Southern Strategy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226205410.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Mirowski, P. 2011. Science-Mart: Privatizing American Science. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.10.4159/harvard.9780674061132Search in Google Scholar
Mirowski, P., and E. Nik-Khah. 2017. The Knowledge We Have Lost in Information: The History of Information in Modern Economics. New York: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190270056.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Mirowski, P., and D. Plehwe. 2015. The Road from Mont Pèlerin: The Making of the Neoliberal Thought Collective. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.10.4159/9780674495111Search in Google Scholar
Mosca, G. 1939. The Ruling Class. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.Search in Google Scholar
Navot, S. 2008. “Fighting Terrorism in the Political Arena: The Banning of Political Parties.” Party Politics 14: 745–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068808093409.Search in Google Scholar
Neurath, O. 1983. “Pseudorationalism of Falsification.” In Philosophical Papers, 1913–1946, edited by R. S. Cohen, and M. Neurath, 121–31. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.10.1007/978-94-009-6995-7_10Search in Google Scholar
Neurath, O. 2010. From Hieroglyphics to Isotype: A Visual Autobiography. London: Hyphen Press.Search in Google Scholar
Neurath, M., and R. Kinross. 2009. The Transformer: Principles of Making Isotype Charts. London: Hyphen Press.Search in Google Scholar
Nguyen, C. T. 2020. “Echo Chambers and Epistemic Bubbles.” Episteme 17: 141–61. https://doi.org/10.1017/epi.2018.32.Search in Google Scholar
Nye, M. J. 2011. Michael Polanyi and His Generation: Origins of the Social Construction of Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226610658.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
O’Connor, B. 2021. Blood Red Lines: How Nativism Fuels the Right. Chicago: Haymarket Books.Search in Google Scholar
Oliver, J. E., and W. M. Rahn. 2016. “Rise of the “Trumpenvolk”: Populism in the 2016 Election.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 667: 189–206.10.1177/0002716216662639Search in Google Scholar
Oreskes, N., and E. M. Conway. 2010. Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obstructed the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. New York: Bloomsbury Press.Search in Google Scholar
Oreskes, N., and E. Conway. 2014. The Collapse of Western Civilization: A View from the Future. New York: Columbia University Press.10.7312/columbia/9780231169547.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Orwell, G. 1980. Homage to Catalonia. Boston: Mariner Books.Search in Google Scholar
Petryna, A. 2003. Life Exposed: Biological Citizens after Chernobyl. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Piketty, T. 2020. Capital and Ideology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.10.4159/9780674245075Search in Google Scholar
Popper, K. 1947. The Open Society and its Enemies, Vol. 1. London: G. Routledge and Sons.Search in Google Scholar
Porter, T. M. 1996. Trust in Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press.10.1515/9781400821617Search in Google Scholar
Proctor, R. N. 2012. Golden Holocaust: Origins of the Cigarette Catastrophe and the Case for Abolition. Berkeley: University of California Press.10.1525/9780520950436Search in Google Scholar
Proctor, R., and L. L. Schiebinger. 2008. Agnotology: The Making and Unmaking of Ignorance. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Reichardt, S. 2021. “Fascism’s Stages: Imperial Violence, Entanglement, and Processualization.” Journal of the History of Ideas 82: 85–107. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhi.2021.0004.Search in Google Scholar
Reisch, G. A. 1994. “Planning Science: Otto Neurath and the ‘International Encyclopedia of Unified Science.’” The British Journal for the History of Science 27: 153–75. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400031873.Search in Google Scholar
Remmling, G. W. 1967. Road to Suspicion: A Study of Modern Mentality and the Sociology of Knowledge. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Search in Google Scholar
Rider, S. 2019. “Modal Power, Self-Conscious Science, and the Critique of Epistemic Paternalism, or How to Change Your Mind: An Interview with Steve Fuller.” Disputatio 8: 597–615.Search in Google Scholar
Santos, B. R. G. 2021. “Echo Chambers, Ignorance and Domination.” Social Epistemology 35: 109–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2020.1839590.Search in Google Scholar
Schaffner, B. F., and B. Fleming-Wood. 2020. How Americans Feel about Socialism in the Midst of the Coronavirus Crisis. Data for Progress. Also available at https://www.dataforprogress.org/blog/2020/6/10/how-americans-feel-about-socialism.Search in Google Scholar
Sclove, R. E. 1995. Democracy and Technology. New York: Guilford Press.Search in Google Scholar
Scott, P., E. Richards, and B. Martin. 1990. “Captives of Controversy: The Myth of the Neutral Social Researcher in Contemporary Scientific Controversies.” Science, Technology & Human Values 15: 474–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/016224399001500406.Search in Google Scholar
Seidel, M. 2016. “Changing Society by Scientific Investigations? The Unexpected Shared Ground between Early Sociology of Knowledge and the Vienna Circle.” Foundations of Science 21: 117–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-014-9368-9.Search in Google Scholar
Shapin, S. 1994. A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226148847.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Shipman, A., J. Edmunds, and B. S. Turner. 2018. The New Power Elite: Inequality, Politics and Greed. London: Anthem Press.10.2307/j.ctt22h6qjpSearch in Google Scholar
Sismondo, S. 2017. “Post-truth?” Social Studies of Science 47: 3–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312717692076.Search in Google Scholar
Stein, S. M., and T. L. Harper. 2003. “Power, Trust, and Planning.” Journal of Planning Education and Research 23: 125–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456x03258636.Search in Google Scholar
Stout, D. 2011. “Stone Toolmaking and the Evolution of Human Culture and Cognition.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366: 1050–9. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0369.Search in Google Scholar
Thorpe, C. 2009. “Community and Market in Michael Polanyi’s Philosophy of Science.” Modern Intellectual History 6: 59–89. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1479244308001947.Search in Google Scholar
Todd, E. 2003. After the Empire: The Breakdown of the American Order. New York: Columbia University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Tönnies, F. 1957. Community and Society. New York: Harper and Row.Search in Google Scholar
Turchin, P. 2010. “Political Instability May Be a Contributor in the Coming Decade.” Nature 463: 608. https://doi.org/10.1038/463608a.Search in Google Scholar
Turchin, P. 2012. “Dynamics of Political Instability in the United States, 1780–2010.” Journal of Peace Research 49: 577–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343312442078.Search in Google Scholar
Turner, S. 2012. “Polanyi Defanged.” Social Studies of Science 42: 945–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312712458479.Search in Google Scholar
Turner, S. 2013. “The Blogosphere and its Enemies: The Case of Oophorectomy.” In Sociologies of Moderation: Problems of Democracy, Expertise and the Media, edited by A. T. T. Smith, and J. Holmwood, 160–79. Chichester: Sage.10.1111/1467-954X.12105Search in Google Scholar
Turner, S. 2019. “Book Review: The New Power Elite: Inequality, Politics, and Greed.” Journal of Classical Sociology 19: 208–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468795x18786387.Search in Google Scholar
Turner, S. P. 2003. Liberal Democracy 3.0: Civil Society in an Age of Experts. London: Sage Publications.10.4135/9781446217498Search in Google Scholar
Uebel, T. 2008. “Calculation in Kind and Marketless Socialism: On Otto Neurath’s Utopian Economics.” European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 15: 475–501. https://doi.org/10.1080/09672560802252354.Search in Google Scholar
Uebel, T. 2015. “Three Challenges to the Complementarity of the Logic and the Pragmatics of Science.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 53: 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2015.05.002.Search in Google Scholar
Uebel, T. 2019. “Neurath on Verstehen.” European Journal of Philosophy 27: 912–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejop.12469.Search in Google Scholar
Uebel, T. E. 1992. Overcoming Logical Positivism from Within: The Emergence of Neurath’s Naturalism in the Vienna Circle’s Protocol Sentences Debate. Amsterdam: Rodopi.10.1163/9789004458192Search in Google Scholar
Uebel, T. E. 2000. “Logical Empiricism and the Sociology of Knowledge: The Case of Neurath and Frank.” Philosophy of Science 67: S138–50. https://doi.org/10.1086/392815.Search in Google Scholar
Vinsel, L. 2021. “You’re Doing it Wrong: Notes on Criticism and Technology Hype.” Medium.Search in Google Scholar
Werskey, G. 1988. The Visible College: A Collective Biography of British Scientists and Socialists of the 1930s. London: Free Association Books.Search in Google Scholar
Wronski, L. 2021. Axios/Momentive Poll: Capitalism and Socialism. SurveyMonkey. Also available at https://www.surveymonkey.com/curiosity/axios-capitalism-update/.Search in Google Scholar
Wynn, T., and F. L. Coolidge. 2012. How to Think Like a Neandertal. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston