Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between supervisor personality and subordinate reports of exposure to bullying and harassment at work. Three research questions were examined: (a) Is there a direct relationship between supervisor personality and reports of workplace bullying? (b) Is there an interaction between supervisor personality and supervisors’ perceived stress as predictors of workplace bullying? (c) Will subordinates who experience bullying at their workplace rate their supervisor’s personality more negatively (negative halo effect)? The sample consisted of 207 supervisors and employees within 70 Norwegian restaurants. Supervisors low on conscientiousness, high on neuroticism and portraying high levels of exposure to stress were the subject of significantly more reports from subordinates of exposure to workplace bullying. An interaction between agreeableness and stress was found showing that agreeableness is related to bullying under low levels of stress. In addition, subordinates who perceived their supervisor as being low on agreeableness and high on introversion reported significantly more workplace bullying, supporting a negative halo effect hypothesis.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agervold, M.: 2009. ‘The Significance of Organizational Factors for the Incidence of Bullying’, Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 50, 267–276. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00710.x.
Ashforth, B. (1997). Petty tyranny in organizations: A preliminary examination of antecedents and consequences. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 14, 126–140.
Bandura, A. (Ed.) (1971). Psychological modeling: Conflicting theories. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Baruch, Y., & Holtom, B. C. (2008). Survey response rate levels and trends in organizational research. Human Relations, 61, 1139–1160.
Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R.E. (2006). Transformational leadership. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Björkqvist, K., österman, K., & Hjelt-Bäck, M. (1994). Aggression among university employees. Aggressive Behavior, 20, 173–184.
Bligh, M. C., Kohles, J. C., Pearce, C. L., Justin, J. E., & Stovall, J. F. (2007). When the romance is over: Follower perspectives of aversive leadership. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 56, 528–557.
Bowling, N. A., & Beehr, T. A. (2006). Workplace harassment from the victim’s perspective: A theoretical model and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 9, 998–1012.
Chan, D. (1998). Functional relations among constructs in the same content domain at different levels of analysis: a typology of composition models. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 234–246.
Cooper, C. L. (1981). The stress check. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1987). Neuroticism, somatic complaints, and disease: Is the bark worse than the bite? Journal of Personality, 55, 301–316.
Costa, P. T., McCrae, R. R., & Dembroski, T. M. (1989). Agreeableness versus antagonism: Explication of a potential risk factor for CHD. In A. W. Siegman & T. M. Dembroski (Eds.), In Search for Coronary-Prone Behavior: Beyond Type A (pp. 41–64). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Dallner, M., A. L. Elo, F. Gamberale, V. Hottinen, S. Knardahl, K. Lindström, A. Skogstad and E. Ørhede: 2000, Validation of the General Nordic Questionnaire (QPS Nordic) for Psychological and Social Factors at Work. Nord, 12 (Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen).
Dasborough, M. T., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2002). Emotion and attribution in leader-member relationships. Leadership Quarterly, 13, 615–634.
Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality structure: Emergence of the five-factor model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 417–440.
Duffy, M. K., Ganster, D. C., & Pagon, M. (2002). Social underminings and social support in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 331–351.
Einarsen, S. (2000). Harassment and bullying at work: A review of the Scandinavian Approach. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 4, 371–401.
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., & Notelaers, G. (2009). Measuring exposure to bullying and harassment at the workplace: Psychometric properties, validity and factor structure of the Negative Acts Questionnaire – Revised. Work and Stress, 23, 24–44.
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C. L. (2010). Bullying and harassment in the workplace. Developments in theory, research, and practice. New York: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis.
Einarsen, S., & Raknes, B. I. (1997). Harassment in the workplace and the victimization of men. Violence and Victims, 12, 247–263.
Einarsen, S., Raknes, B. I., & Matthiesen, S.B. (1994). Bullying and harassment at work and their relationships to work environment quality. An exploratory study. The European Work and Organizational Psychologist, 4, 381–401.
Einarsen, S., & Skogstad, A. (1996). Prevalence and risk groups of bullying and harassment at work. European Journal of Work and Organisational Psychology, 5, 185–202.
Engvik, H.: 1993, ‘Big Five på norsk’ [Norwegian Version of the Big Five], Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening [Journal of the Norwegian Psychological Association] 30, 884–896.
Engvik, H. (1994). Manual 5PF. Institute of Psychology, University of Oslo.
Ferris, G. R., Zinko, R., Brouer, R. K., Buckley, M. R., & Harvey, M.G. (2007). Strategic bullying as a supplementary, balanced perspective on destructive leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 18, 195–206.
Glasø, L., & Einarsen, S. (2006). Experienced affect in leader-subordinate relationships. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 22, 49–73.
Glasø, L., Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. (2009). Interpersonal problems among targets and perpetrators of workplace bullying. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, 1316–1333.
Goldman, A. (2006). Personality disorders in leaders: Implications of the DSM IV-TR in assessing dysfunctional organizations. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21, 392–414.
Hauge, L. J. Skogstad, A., & Einarsen, S. (2007). Relationships between stressful work environments and bullying: Results of a large representative study. Work and Stress, 21, 220–242.
Hershcovis, M. S., Turner, N., Barling, J., Arnold, K. A., Dupré, K. E., Inness, M., & LeBlanc, M. M. (2007). Predicting workplace aggression: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 228–238.
Hoel, H., Cooper, C. L., & Faragher, B. (2001). The experience of bullying in Great Britain: the impact of organizational status. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10, 443–466.
Hoel, H., L. Glasø, H. Hetland, S. Einarsen and C. L. Cooper: 2010, ‘Leadership Styles as Predictors of Self-Reported and Observed Workplace Bullying’, British Journal of Management 21, 453–468.
Hoel, H., & Salin, D. (2003). Organizational antecedents of bullying. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace. International Perspectives in Research and Practice (pp. 203–218). London: Taylor & Francis.
Hogan, R. (1994). Trouble at the top; Causes and consequences of managerial incompetence. Consulting Psychology Journal, 46, 9–15.
Hogan, R., Raskin, R., & Fazzini, D. (1990). The dark side of charisma. In K. E. Clark & M. B. Clark (Eds.). Measures of leadership (pp. 343–354). West Orange, NJ: Leadership Library of America.
James, L. R., Demaree, R. G., & Wolf, G. (1993). r wg: an assessment of within-group interrater agreement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 306–309.
Judge, T. M., Bono, J. E., Ilies, R., & Gerhardt, M. W. (2002). Personality and leadership: A qualitative and quantitative review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 765–780.
Lucas, R. (2002). Fragments of HRM in hospitality? Evidence from the 1998 workplace employee relations survey. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 14, 207–212.
Mathisen, G. E., Einarsen, S., & Mykletun, R. (2008). The occurrences and correlates of bullying and harassment in the restaurant sector. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49, 59–68.
Matthiesen, S.B., & Einarsen, S. (2007). Perpetrators and targets of bullying at work; roles stress and individual differences. Violence and Victims, 22, 85–104.
Meindl, J. R. (1995). The romance of leadership as a follower-centric theory: A social constructionist approach. The Leadership Quarterly, 6, 329–341.
Meindl, J. R., Ehrlich, S. B., & Dukerich, J. M. (1985). The romance of leadership. Administrative Science Quarterly, 30, 78–102.
Mitchell, M. S., & Ambrose, M. L. (2007). Abusive supervision and workplace deviance and the moderating effects of negative reciprocity beliefs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1159–168.
Neuman, J. H., & Baron, R. A. (2003). Social antecedents of bullying. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace. International Perspectives in Research and Practice (pp. 185–202). London: Taylor & Francis.
Niedl, K. (1995). Mobbing and well-being; Economic and personnel development perspectives. European Journal of Work and Organisational Psychology, 5, 239–249.
Nielsen, M. B., Matthiesen, S. B., & Einarsen, S. (2010). The impact of methodological moderators on prevalence rates of workplace bullying. A meta-analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 13, 128–136.
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw Hill.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879–903.
Price, L. (1994). Poor personnel practice in the hotel and the catering industry: Does it matter? Human Resource Management Journal, 4, 44–62.
Schabracq, M. J., & Cooper, C. L. (1998). Toward a phenomenological framework for the study of work and organizational stress. Human Relations, 51, 625–648.
Schaubroeck, J., Ganster, D. C., Sime, W. E., & Ditman, D. (1993). A field experiment testing supervisory role clarification. Personnel Psychology, 46, 1–25.
Schaubroeck, J., Walumbwa, F. O., Ganster, D. C., & Kepes, S. (2007). Destructive leader traits and the neutralizing influence of an “enriched” job. The Leadership Quarterly, 18, 236–251.
Skogstad, A., Einarsen, S., Torsheim, T., Aasland, M. S., & Hetland, H. (2007). The destructiveness of laissez-faire leadership behavior. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12, 80–92.
Sy, T., Côté, S., & Saavedra, R. (2005). The contagious leader: Impact of the leader’s mood on the mood of group members, group affective tone, and group processes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 295–305.
Tepper, B. J. (2000). Consequences of abusive supervision. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 178–190.
Tepper, B. J. (2007). Abusive Supervision in Work Organization: Review, Synthesis, and Research Agenda. Journal of Management, 33, 261–281.
Tepper, B. J., Duffy, M. K., Hoobler, J., & Ensley, M. D. (2004). Moderators of the relationship between coworkers’ organizational citizenship behavior and fellow employees’ attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 455–465.
Tepper, B. J., Moss, S. E., Lockhart, D. E., & Carr, J. C. (2007). Abusive supervision, upward maintenance communication, and subordinates’ psychological distress. Academy of Management Journal, 50, 1169–1180.
Weiss, H. M., & Adler, S. (1984). Personality and organizational behavior. Research in Organizational Behavior, 6, 1–50.
Yukl, G. A. (2006). Leadership in organizations (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Zapf, D., & Einarsen, S. (2010). Individual antecedents of bullying: victims and perpetrators. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and harassment in the workplace. Developments in theory, research, and practice (pp.177–200). New York: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis.
Zapf, D., Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., & Vartia, M. (2003). Empirical findings on bullying in the workplace. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace. International Perspectives in Research and Practice (pp. 103–126). London: Taylor & Francis.
Zellars, K. L., Tepper, B. J., & Duffy, M. K. (2002). Abusive supervision and subordinates’ organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 1068–1076.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mathisen, G.E., Einarsen, S. & Mykletun, R. The Relationship Between Supervisor Personality, Supervisors’ Perceived Stress and Workplace Bullying. J Bus Ethics 99, 637–651 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0674-z
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0674-z