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Law, artificial intelligence, and synaesthesia

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Abstract

In 2021, 193 Member States at UNESCO’s General Conference adopted the Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence as the first important step towards a future global standard-setting instrument on the subject. The text reflects an emerging consensus among the international community about the growing ethical concerns with artificial intelligence (AI). Among these concerns are also serious risks and dangers attributed to the manipulative effects of AI, which can be further exacerbated by the creative combination of AI with other innovative technologies or applications, such as brain–computer interfaces (BCIs), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), robotics, and big data. The risks for individuals and society as a whole caused by manipulation through AI are already well known and have recently also been addressed by the European Union having released a proposal for an Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA). Among multiple risks related to AI, the AIA singles out the specific dangers related to AI systems that deploy “subliminal techniques beyond a person’s consciousness to materially distort a person’s behaviour in a manner that causes or is likely to cause that person or another person physical or psychological harm”. The present article thus aims to highlight the known and potential dangers related to AI systems manipulating human thoughts and behaviour through subliminal and supraliminal means and methods. To this end, it advocates the joint study of law and the senses captured by the concept of legal synaesthesia to correspond to the need for an interdisciplinary debate covering the complexity of the links between AI, related technologies, human perception based on the senses and the mind, as well as the role and instruments of law in the future organization of societies in this world.

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Data Availability

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

Notes

  1. UNESCO General Conference, Draft Text of the Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence, 41st session, Paris, 2021, 41 C/73 (22 November 2021) 2; https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000378931.

  2. European Commission, Proposal for a Regulation Laying Down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act), COM (2021) 206 final (21 April 2021).

  3. United States, H.R.6580—Algorithmic Accountability Act of 2022.

  4. European Commission, Impact Assessment Accompanying the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Laying Down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence (artificial Intelligence Act) and Amending Certain Union Legislative Acts, SWD(2021) 84 final (21 April 2021) 17.

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  1. Professor of Law, Head of Department of Global Legal Studies, Faculty of Law E32, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China

    Rostam J. Neuwirth

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Neuwirth, R.J. Law, artificial intelligence, and synaesthesia. AI & Soc (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01615-8

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