Personalization 2.0? – Testing the personalization hypothesis in citizens’, journalists’, and politicians’ campaign Twitter communication

References

Adam, S., & Maier, M. (2010). Personalization of politics: A Critical review and agenda for research. Communication Yearbook, 34, 213–257.10.1080/23808985.2010.11679101Search in Google Scholar

Anstead, N., & O’Loughlin, B. (2011). The emerging viewertariat and BBC Question Time television debate and real-time commenting online. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 16(4), 440–462.10.1177/1940161211415519Search in Google Scholar

Bachl, M., & Brettschneider, F. (2011). The German national election campaign and the mass media. German Politics, 20(1), 51–74.10.1080/09644008.2011.554100Search in Google Scholar

Balmas, M., & Sheafer, T. (2013). Leaders first, countries after: Mediated political personalization in the international arena. Journal of Communication, 63(3), 454–475.10.1111/jcom.12027Search in Google Scholar

Benoit, W., Hansen, G., & Verser, R. (2003). A meta-analysis of the effects of viewing U.S. presidential debates. Communication Monographs, 70(4), 335–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/036377503200017913310.1080/0363775032000179133Search in Google Scholar

Bentivegna, S., & Marchetti, R. (2014). Tweeting and watching television. New forms of media hybridization. Comunicazione politica, 14(1), 61–78.Search in Google Scholar

Brettschneider, F. (2002). Kanzlerkandidaten im Fernsehen [Chancellor candidates on TV]. Media Perspektiven, 6, 263–276.Search in Google Scholar

Brettschneider, F. (2008). Personalization of campaigning. In W. Donsbach (Ed.), The international encyclopedia of communication (pp. 3583–3585). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.10.1002/9781405186407.wbiecp029Search in Google Scholar

Brettschneider, F., Neller, K., & Anderson, C. J. (2006). Candidate images in the 2005 German national election. German Politics, 15(4), 481–499. https://doi.org/10.1080/0964400060106266710.1080/09644000601062667Search in Google Scholar

Conway, B. A., Kenski, K., & Wang, D. (2015). The rise of Twitter in the political campaign: Searching for intermedia agenda-setting effects in the presidential primary. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20(4), 363–380. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.1212410.1111/jcc4.12124Search in Google Scholar

Donsbach, W. (2002). Sechs Gründe gegen Fernsehduelle: Zur politischen Bewertung einer medialen Inszenierung [Six reasons against televised debates: About a political evaluation of a media staging]. Die politische Meinung, 396, 19–25.Search in Google Scholar

Donsbach, W., & Jandura, O. (2005). Urteile mit Verfallsdatum: Einflüsse auf die Wahrnehmung des ersten TV-Duells [Evaluation with expiry dates: Influences on the perception of the first televised debate]. In E. Noelle-Neumann, W. Donsbach & H. M. Kepplinger (Eds.), Wählerstimmungen in der Mediendemokratie: Analysen auf der Basis des Bundestagswahlkampfs 2002 (pp. 141–163). Freiburg: Alber.Search in Google Scholar

Druckman, J. N. (2003). The power of television images: The first Kennedy-Nixon debate revisited. Journal of Politics, 65(2), 559–571.10.1111/1468-2508.t01-1-00015Search in Google Scholar

Elter, A. (2013). Interaktion und Dialog? Eine quantitative Inhaltsanalyse der Aktivitäten deutscher Parteien bei Twitter und Facebook während der Landtagswahlkämpfe 2011 [Interaction and dialogue? A quantitative content analysis of the German parties’ activities on Twitter and Facebook in the run-up to the federal state elections 2011]. Publizistik, 58(2), 201–220.10.1007/s11616-013-0173-1Search in Google Scholar

GESIS (2011). GLES 2009 Codierschema: Agendafragen [Coding scheme: Agenda questions]. Retrieved on 4-23-2018 from https://dbk.gesis.org/dbksearch/download.asp?id=20305.Search in Google Scholar

Gilens, M., Vavreck, L., & Cohen, M. (2007). The mass media and the public’s assessments of presidential candidates, 1952–2000. Journal of Politics, 69(4), 1160–1175.10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00615.xSearch in Google Scholar

Golbeck, J., Grimes, J. M., & Rogers, A. (2010). Twitter use by the US congress. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 61(8), 1612–1621.Search in Google Scholar

Graham, T., Jackson, D., & Broersma, M. (2014). New platform, old habits? Candidates’ use of Twitter during the 2010 British and Dutch general election campaigns. New Media & Society. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/146144481454672810.1177/1461444814546728Search in Google Scholar

Hayes, D. (2009). Has television personalized voting behavior? Political Behavior, 31(2), 231–260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-008-9070-010.1007/s11109-008-9070-0Search in Google Scholar

Hayes, D., Houston, J. B., & McKinney, M. S. (2013). Live-Tweeting a presidential primary debate: Exploring new political conversations. Social Science Computer Review, 31(5), 552–562. https://doi.org/10.1177/089443931349064310.1177/0894439313490643Search in Google Scholar

Hermans, L., & Vergeer, M. (2013). Personalization in e-campaigning: A cross-national comparison of personalization strategies used on candidate websites of 17 countries in EP elections 2009. New Media & Society, 15(1), 72–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/146144481245733310.1177/1461444812457333Search in Google Scholar

Hodess, R., Tedesco, J. C., & Kaid, L. L. (2000). British party election broadcasts: A comparison of 1992 and 1997. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 5(4), 55–70.10.1177/1081180X00005004004Search in Google Scholar

Holtz-Bacha, C. (2000). Wahlwerbung als politische Kultur: Parteienspots im Fernsehen 1957–1998 (1^st ed.) [TV ads as political culture. Party ads on TV 1957–1998]. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag.10.1007/978-3-663-11805-3Search in Google Scholar

Holtz-Bacha, C. (2004). Germany: How the private life of politicians got into the media. Parliamentary Affairs, 57(1), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsh004.10.1093/pa/gsh004Search in Google Scholar

Holtz-Bacha, C., Langer, A. I., & Merkle, S. (2014). The personalization of politics in comparative perspective: Campaign coverage in Germany and the United Kingdom. European Journal of Communication, 29(2), 153–170.10.1177/0267323113516727Search in Google Scholar

Holtz-Bacha, C., Lessinger, E.-M., & Hettesheimer, M. (1998). Personalisierung als Strategie der Wahlwerbung [Personalization as election campaign stratgegy]. In K. Imhof (Ed.), Die Veröffentlichung des Privaten – die Privatisierung des Öffentlichen (pp. 240–250). Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.Search in Google Scholar

Johnston, A., & Kaid, L. L. (2002). Image ads and issue ads in US presidential advertising: Using videostyle to explore stylistic differences in televised political ads from 1952 to 2000. Journal of Communication, 52(2), 281–300.10.1111/j.1460-2466.2002.tb02545.xSearch in Google Scholar

Kaid, L. L. (2004). Measuring candidate images with semantic differentials. In K. L. Hacker (Ed.), Presidential candidate images (pp. 231–236). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.Search in Google Scholar

Kriesi, H. (2012). Personalization of national election campaigns. Party Politics, 18(6), 825–844. https://doi.org/10.1177/135406881038964310.1177/1354068810389643Search in Google Scholar

Kruikemeier, S. (2014). How political candidates use Twitter and the impact on votes. Computers in Human Behavior, 34, 131–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.025.10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.025Search in Google Scholar

Kruikemeier, S., van Noort, G., Vliegenthart, R., & de Vreese, C. H. (2013). Getting closer: The effects of personalized and interactive online political communication. European Journal of Communication, 28(1), 53–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/026732311246483710.1177/0267323112464837Search in Google Scholar

Langer, A. I. (2007). A historical exploration of the personalisation of politics in the print media: The British Prime Ministers (1945–1999). Parliamentary Affairs, 60(3), 371–387. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsm02810.1093/pa/gsm028Search in Google Scholar

Larsson, A. O. (2014). Everyday elites, citizens or extremists? Assessing the use and users of non-election political hashtags. MedieKultur, Journal of Media and Communication Research, 30(56).10.7146/mediekultur.v30i56.8951Search in Google Scholar

Lee, E., & Oh, S. Y. (2012). To personalize or depersonalize? When and how politicians’ personalized Tweets affect the public’s reactions. Journal of Communication, 62(6), 932–949.10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01681.xSearch in Google Scholar

Leidecker, M., & Wilke, J. (2015). Langweilig? Wieso langweilig? Die Presseberichterstattung zur Bundestagswahl 2013 im Langzeitvergleich [Boring? Why Boring? Media coverage of the German national elections in 2013 compared over time]. In C. Holtz-Bacha (Ed.), Die Massenmedien im Wahlkampf: Die Bundestagswahl 2013 (pp. 145–172). Wiesbaden: Springer VS.Search in Google Scholar

Magdy, W., & Elsayed, T. (2014). Adaptive method for following dynamic topics on Twitter. In Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (Ed.), Proceedings of the eighth international AAAI conference on weblogs and social media (pp. 335–345).10.1609/icwsm.v8i1.14540Search in Google Scholar

Maier, J., & Faas, T. (2011). ‘Miniature campaigns’ in comparison: The German televised debates, 2002-09. German Politics, 20(1), 75–91.10.1080/09644008.2011.554102Search in Google Scholar

Maier, J., & Maier, M. (2007). Das TV-Duell 2005: Katalysator für die Personalisierung des Wahlverhaltens? [The televised debate of 2005: Catalyst for the personalization of voting behavior?]. In F. Brettschneider, O. Niedermayer & B. Wessels (Eds.), Die Bundestagswahl 2005: Analysen des Wahlkampfes und der Wahlergebnisse (vol. 12, pp. 219–232). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-90536-5_1010.1007/978-3-531-90536-5_10Search in Google Scholar

Maier, M., Retzbach, J., Glogger, I., & Stengel, K. (2018). Nachrichtenwerttheorie [Theory of news values]. Baden-Baden: Nomos.10.5771/9783845284934Search in Google Scholar

Maurer, M., & Reinemann, C. (2007). Personalisierung durch Priming: Die Wirkungen des TV-Duells auf die Urteilkriterien der Wähler [Personalization through priming: The effects of the televised debate on voters’ evaluation criteria]. In M. Maurer, C. Reinemann, J. Maier & M. Maier (Eds.), Schröder gegen Merkel: Wahrnehmung und Wirkung des TV-Duells 2005 im Ost-West-Vergleich (1^st ed.). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.10.1007/978-3-531-90709-3_6Search in Google Scholar

McGraw, K. M., & Dolan, T. M. (2007). Personifying the state: Consequences for attitude formation. Political Psychology, 28(3), 299–327. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2007.00570.x10.1111/j.1467-9221.2007.00570.xSearch in Google Scholar

McKinney, M. S., Houston, J. B., & Hawthorne, J. (2014). Social watching a 2012 Republican presidential primary debate. American Behavioral Scientist, 58(4), 556–573. https://doi.org/10.1177/000276421350621110.1177/0002764213506211Search in Google Scholar

Merkle, S. (2015). Personalisierung und genderspezifische Berichterstattung im Bundestagswahlkampf 2013 – ‘Ausnahmefall’ Angela Merkel oder typisch Frau? [Personalization and gender-specific media coverage of the German national election campaign 2013 – Exceptional case Angela Merkel or typically female?] In C. Holtz-Bacha (Ed.), Die Massenmedien im Wahlkampf: Die Bundestagswahl 2013 (pp. 217–247). Wiesbaden: Springer VS.Search in Google Scholar

Neuberger, C., Nuernbergk, C., & vom Hofe, H. (2011). Twitter und Journalismus: Der Einfluss des ‘Social Web’ auf die Nachrichten [Twitter and journalism: The influence of the social web on the news]. Düsseldorf: Landesanstalt für Medien Nordrhein-Westfalen.Search in Google Scholar

Parmelee, J. (2013). Political journalists and Twitter: Influences on norms and practices. Journal of Media Practice, 14(4), 291–305. https://doi.org/10.1386/jmpr.14.4.291_110.1386/jmpr.14.4.291_1Search in Google Scholar

Radunski, P. (1980). Wahlkämpfe: Moderne Wahlkampfführung als politische Kommunikation [Election campaigns: Modern election campaign strategies as political communication]. Munich: Olzog.Search in Google Scholar

Rainie, L., Smith, A., Schlozman, K. L., Brady, H., & Verba, S. (2012). Social media and political engagement. Pew Research Center.Search in Google Scholar

Reinemann, C. (2007). Völlig anderer Ansicht. Die Medienberichterstattung über das TV-Duell [Completely different point of view. Media coverage of the televised debate]. In M. Maurer, C. Reinemann, J. Maier, & M. Maier (Eds.), Schröder gegen Merkel: Wahrnehmung und Wirkung des TV-Duells 2005 im Ost-West-Vergleich (1^st ed., pp. 167–194). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.10.1007/978-3-531-90709-3_9Search in Google Scholar

Shamma, D., Kennedy, L., & Churchill, E. (2010). Conversational shadows: Describing live media events using short messages. In Proceedings of the Fourth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (pp. 331–334).10.1609/icwsm.v4i1.14065Search in Google Scholar

Sommer, D., Fretwurst, B., Sommer, K., & Gehrau, V. (2012). Nachrichtenwert und Gespräche über Medienthemen [News values and conversations about media content]. Publizistik, 57(4), 381–401.10.1007/s11616-012-0162-9Search in Google Scholar

Thimm, C., Anastasiadis, M., Bürger, T., & Einspänner, J. (2014). Der Bundestagswahlkampf 2013 auf Twitter [National election campaigns 2013 on Twitter]. Bonn.Search in Google Scholar

Thimm, C., Einspänner, J., & Dang-Anh, M. (2012). Politische Deliberation online – Twitter als Element des politischen Diskurses [Political deliberation online – Twitter as element of political discourse]. In F. Krotz & A. Hepp (Eds.), Mediatisierte Welten (pp. 283–305). Wiesbaden: VS.10.1007/978-3-531-94332-9_11Search in Google Scholar

van Aelst, P., Sheafer, T., & Stanyer, J. (2012). The personalization of mediated political communication: A review of concepts, operationalizations and key findings. Journalism, 13(2), 203–220. https://doi.org/10.1177/146488491142780210.1177/1464884911427802Search in Google Scholar

van Santen, R., & van Zoonen, L. (2010). The personal in political television biographies. Biography, 33(1), 46–67. https://doi.org/10.1353/bio.0.015710.1353/bio.0.0157Search in Google Scholar

van Zoonen, L., & Holtz-Bacha, C. (2000). Personalisation in Dutch and German politics: The case of talk show. The Public, 7(2), 45–56.10.1080/13183222.2000.11008743Search in Google Scholar

Vergeer, M., Hermans, L., & Sams, S. (2013). Online social networks and micro-blogging in political campaigning: The exploration of a new campaign tool and a new campaign style. Party Politics, 19(3), 477–501. https://doi.org/10.1177/135406881140758010.1177/1354068811407580Search in Google Scholar

Voss, K. (2013). Bundestagswahl 2013 im Netz [National elections 2013 online]. Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, (48–49), 34–39.Search in Google Scholar

Weaver, D. H., & Willnat, L. (2016). Changes in U.S. journalism. Journalism Practice, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2016.117116210.4324/9780429462030-19Search in Google Scholar