Law, Reason, and Emotion? The Challenge from Empirical Ethics

Subscibe in publisher´s online store Share via email
Law, Reason, and Emotion? The Challenge from Empirical Ethics
Paulo, Norbert

From the journal ARSP Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie, Volume 103, June 2017, issue 2

Published by Franz Steiner Verlag

article, 9911 Words
Original language: English
ARSP 2017, pp 239-258
https://doi.org/10.25162/arsp-2017-0012

Abstract

Empirically minded philosophers and scientists have recently challenged the traditional view that legal and moral decision making are guided by reason rather than emotion. The rationalistic ideal no longer seems to be an appropriate picture of normative decision making. This paper uses the work of Joshua Greene, a philosophically trained psychologist, to exemplarily introduce some of the challenges for the rationalistic ideal from the point of view of empirical ethics. An outline of Greene’s empirical research is followed by a detailed examination of the arguments for and against the normative implications of this research. It is argued that legal scholars as well as ethicists should seriously engage with the recent advances in empirical research concerning normative decision making. Prompting this engagement is the underlying aim of this article.

Author information

Norbert Paulo

References

  • 1. Alexy, Robert , “On Balancing and Subsumption. A Structural Comparison.” Ratio Juris 16, no. 4 (2003): 433-49. DOI 10.1046/j.0952-1917.2003.00244.x
  • 2. Alexy, Robert Theorie der juristischen Argumentation: Die Theorie des rationalen Diskurses als Theorie der juristischen Begründung. 2nd ed. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1991. DOI 10.2307/840245
  • 3. Andow, James , “Expecting Moral Philosophers to Be Reliable.” Dialectica 69, no. 2 (2015): 205-20. DOI 10.1111/1746-8361.12092
  • 4. Appiah, Kwame Anthony Experiments in Ethics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ Press, 2009.
  • 5. Arras, John D. , “The Way We Reason Now: Reflective Equilibrium in Bioethics.” In The Oxford Handbook of Bioethics, edited by Bonnie Steinbock, 46-71. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. DOI 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199562411.003.0003
  • 6. Audi, Robert Moral Perception. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013.
  • 7. Barak, Aharon Proportionality: Constitutional Rights and Their Limitations. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. DOI 10.1017/cbo9781139035293.019
  • 8. Berker, Selim , “The Normative Insignificance of Neuroscience.” Philosophy & Public Affairs 37, no. 4 (2009): 293-329.
  • 9. Brewer, Scott , “Exemplary Reasoning: Semantics, Pragmatics, and the Rational Force of Legal Argument by Analogy.” Harvard Law Review 109, no. 5 (1996): 923-1028. DOI 10.2307/1342258
  • 10. Brink, David O. , “Principles and Intuitions in Ethics: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives.” Ethics 124, no. 4 (2014): 665-94. DOI 10.1086/675878
  • 11. Brownstein, Michael / Jennifer, Saul , eds. Implicit Bias and Philosophy: Metaphysics and Epistemology. Vol. 1. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2016. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/implicit-bias-and-philosophy-volume-1-9780198713241.
  • 12. Brownstein, Michael / Jennifer, Saul , eds. Implicit Bias and Philosophy: Moral Responsibility, Structural Injustice, and Ethics. Vol. 2. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2016. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/implicit-bias-and-philosophy-volume-1-9780198713241.
  • 13. Markus, Christen / van Schaik, Carel / Fischer, Johannes / Huppenbauer, Markus / Carmen, Tanner , eds. Empirically Informed Ethics: Morality between Facts and Norms. Library of Ethics and Applied Philosophy 32. Heidelberg; New York: Springer, 2014. http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-01369-5_1.
  • 14. Dancy, Jonathan , “Intuition and Emotion.” Ethics 124, no. 4 (2014): 787-812. DOI 10.1086/675879
  • 15. Dean, Richard , “Does Neuroscience Undermine Deontological Theory?” Neuroethics 3, no. 1 (2009): 43-60. DOI 10.1007/s12152-009-9052-x
  • 16. Döring, Sabine A. , ed. Philosophie der Gefühle. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag, 2009. Doris, John M., and Stephen P. Stich. “Empirical Perspectives on Ethics.” In The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Philosophy, edited by Frank Jackson and Michael Smith, 114-52. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
  • 17. Dworkin, Ronald Law’s Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986.
  • 18. Lee, Epstein / Landes, William / Posner, Richard Behavior of Federal Judges. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013.
  • 19. Foot, Philippa Moral Dilemmas. Oxford; New York: Clarendon Press, 2003.
  • 20. Foot, Philippa , “The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of Double Effect.” Oxford Review 5 (1967): 5-15.
  • 21. Greene, Joshua D. , “Beyond Point-and-Shoot Morality: Why Cognitive (Neuro)Science Matters for Ethics.” Ethics 124, no. 4 (2014): 695-726. DOI 10.1086/675875
  • 22. Greene, Joshua D. Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap Between Us and Them. New York: Penguin Press, 2013.
  • 23. Greene, Joshua D. , “Notes on ‘The Normative Insignificance of Neuroscience’ by Selim Berker,” 2010. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/54763f79e4b0c4e55ffb000c/t/54cb945ae4b001aedee69e81/1422627930781/notes-on-berker.pdf.
  • 24. Greene, Joshua D. , “The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul.” In Moral Psychology, edited by Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, 3:35-80. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008.
  • 25. Greene, Joshua D. / Sommerville, R. Brian / Nystrom, Leigh E. / Darley, John M. / Cohen, Jonathan D. , “An fMRI Investigation of Emotional Engagement in Moral Judgment.” Science 293, no. 5537 (2001): 2105-8. DOI 10.1126/science.1062872
  • 26. Grundmann, Thomas / Horvath, Joachim / Jens, Kipper , eds. Die Experimentelle Philosophie in der Diskussion. Berlin: Suhrkamp, 2014.
  • 27. Haidt, Jonathan , “The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment.” Psychological Review 108, no. 4 (2001): 814-34. DOI 10.1017/cbo9780511814273.055
  • 28. Haidt, Jonathan , “The New Synthesis in Moral Psychology.” Science 316, no. 5827 (2007): 998-1002. DOI 10.1126/science.1137651
  • 29. Haidt, Jonathan The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion. New York: Vintage, 2013.
  • 30. Hindriks, Frank , “Intuitions, Rationalizations, and Justification: A Defense of Sentimental Rationalism.” Journal of Value Inquiry 48, no. 2 (2014): 195-216. DOI 10.1007/s10790-014-9419-z
  • 31. Kahane, Guy , “The Armchair and the Trolley: An Argument for Experimental Ethics.” Philosophical Studies 162, no. 2 (2013): 421-45.
  • 32. Kahane, Guy / Shackel, Nicholas , “Methodological Issues in the Neuroscience of Moral Judgement.” Mind & Language 25, no. 5 (2010): 561-82. DOI 10.1111/j.1468-0017.2010.01401.x
  • 33. Guy, Kahane / Wiech, Katja / Shackel, Nicholas / Farias, Miguel / Savulescu, Julian / Tracey, Irene , “The Neural Basis of Intuitive Counterintuitive Moral Judgement.” Social Cognitive Affective Neuroscience 7, no. 4 (2012): 393-402.
  • 34. Kahneman, Daniel Thinking, Fast and Slow. London: Penguin, 2012.
  • 35. Kamm, Frances M. , “Famine Ethics: The Problem of Distance in Morality and Singer’s Ethical Theory.” In Singer and His Critics, edited by Dale Jamieson, 162-208. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 1999.
  • 36. Kamm, Frances M. Morality, Mortality: Death and Whom to Save from It. Vol. 1. 2 vols. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. DOI 10.1093/0195119118.001.0001
  • 37. Kamm, Frances M. Morality, Mortality: Rights, Duties, and Status: Rights, Duties and Status. Vol. 2. 2 vols. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. DOI 10.1093/0195144023.001.0001
  • 38. Kamm, Frances M. , “Neuroscience and Moral Reasoning: A Note on Recent Research.” Philosophy and Public Affairs 37, no. 4 (2009): 330-45.
  • 39. Klatt, Matthias / Meister, Moritz The Constitutional Structure of Proportionality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
  • 40. Klein, David / Mitchell, Gregory The Psychology of Judicial Decision Making. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
  • 41. Knobe, Joshua / Shaun, Nichols , eds. Experimental Philosophy. Vol. 1. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • 42. Knobe, Joshua / Shaun, Nichols , eds. Experimental Philosophy. Vol. 2. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
  • 43. Koch, Hans-Joachim / Rüßmann, Helmut Juristische Begründungslehre. Eine Einführung in die Grundprobleme der Rechtswissenschaft. München: C. H. Beck, 1982.
  • 44. Kranenpohl, Uwe Hinter dem Schleier des Beratungsgeheimnisses: Der Willensbildungs-und Entscheidungsprozess des Bundesverfassungsgerichts. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2010. DOI 10.1007/978-3-531-92242-3_8
  • 45. Kumar, Victor / Campbell, Richmond , “On the Normative Significance of Experimental Moral Psychology.” Philosophical Psychology 25, no. 3 (2012): 311-30. DOI 10.1080/09515089.2012.660140
  • 46. Leiter, Brian Naturalizing Jurisprudence: Essays on American Legal Realism and Naturalism in Legal Philosophy. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. DOI 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206490.003.0004
  • 47. Lichtenberg, Judith Distant Strangers: Ethics, Psychology, and Global Poverty. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. DOI 10.1017/cbo9781139049290.006
  • 48. Macagno, Fabrizio / Walton, Douglas , “Argument from Analogy in Law, the Classical Tradition Recent Theories.” Philosophy Rhetoric 42, no. 2 (2009): 154-82. DOI 10.1353/par.0.0034
  • 49. MacCormick, Neil Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.
  • 50. Mahlmann, Matthias Rationalismus in der praktischen Theorie: Normentheorie und praktische Kompetenz. 2nd ed. Nomos, 2008. DOI 10.5771/9783845211954
  • 51. Mikhail, John Elements of Moral Cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2011.
  • 52. Musschenga, Albert W. , “Moral Intuitions, Moral Expertise and Moral Reasoning.” Journal of Philosophy of Education 43, no. 4 (2009): 597-613. DOI 10.1111/j.1467-9752.2009.00707.x
  • 53. Paulo, Norbert , “Casuistry as Common Law Morality.” Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 36 no. 6 (2015), 373-389.
  • 54. Paulo, Norbert The Confluence of Philosophy and Law in Applied Ethics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
  • 55. Prinz, Jesse J. , “The Emotional Basis of Moral Judgments.” Philosophical Explorations 9, no. 1 (2006): 29-43.
  • 56. Prinz, Jesse J. / Shaun, Nichols , “Moral Emotions.” In The Moral Psychology Handbook, edited by John Michael Doris, 111-46. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
  • 57. Rawls, John A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2005.
  • 58. Rigoni, Adam , “Common-Law Judicial Reasoning and Analogy.” Legal Theory 20, no. 02 (2014): 133-56. DOI 10.1017/S1352325214000044
  • 59. Rini, Regina A. , “How Not to Test for Philosophical Expertise.” Synthese 192, no. 2 (2015): 431-52.
  • 60. Sauer, Hanno , “Psychopaths and Filthy Desks.” Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 15, no. 1 (2012): 95-115. DOI 10.1007/s10677-011-9274-y
  • 61. Schwitzgebel, Eric / Cushman, Fiery , “Expertise in Moral Reasoning? Order Effects on Moral Judgment in Professional Philosophers Non-Philosophers.” Mind and Language 27, no. 2 (2012): 135-53. DOI 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199927418.003.0014
  • 62. Schwitzgebel, Eric / Cushman, Fiery , “Philosophers’ Biased Judgments Persist Despite Training, Expertise Reflection.” Cognition 141 (2015): 127-37. DOI 10.1016/j.cognition.2015.04.015
  • 63. Singer, Peter , “Ethics and Intuitions.” The Journal of Ethics 9, no. 3-4 (2005): 331-52. DOI 10.1007/s10892-005-3508-y
  • 64. Singer, Peter , “Famine, Affluence, and Morality.” Philosophy & Public Affairs 1, no. 3 (1972): 229-43.
  • 65. Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter , “Framing Moral Intuitions.” In Moral Psychology: The Neuroscience of Morality, edited by Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, 2:47-76. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008.
  • 66. Sunstein, Cass R. , “On Analogical Reasoning.” Harvard Law Review 106, no. 3 (1993): 741-91. DOI 10.2307/1341662
  • 67. Thomson, Judith Jarvis , “Killing, Letting Die, and the Trolley Problem.” The Monist 59, no. 2 (1976): 204-17.
  • 68. Tobia, Kevin / Buckwalter, Wesley / Stich, Stephen , “Moral Intuitions: Are Philosophers Experts?” Philosophical Psychology 26, no. 5 (2013): 629-38. DOI 10.1080/09515089.2012.696327
  • 69. Voorhoeve, Alex / Kahneman, Daniel , “Can We Trust Our Intuitions?” In Conversations on Ethics, 67-84. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • 70. Weinreb, Lloyd L. Legal Reason: The Use of Analogy in Legal Argument. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. DOI 10.1017/cbo9781316597774.003
  • 71. Wheatley, Thalia / Haidt, Jonathan , “Hypnotic Disgust Makes Moral Judgments More Severe.” Psychological Science 16, no. 10 (2005): 780-84. DOI 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01614.x