Abstract
Norman in 1969 emphasised a linguistic difference between the Vedic compound yogakṣema- interpreted as a dvandva (“exertion and rest”) and the widely distributed Early Buddhist compound yogakkhema-, analysed as a tatpuruṣa “rest from exertion”. On the basis of our analysis of the relevant Pali sources and of the more ancient Vedic occurrences—some of which are quite far from the earliest denotation of the two cyclic phases (yóga- and kṣéma-) of the assumed semi-nomadic Indo-Āryan life—we have undertaken a classification of the several meanings of this compound, in order to distinguish their different facets and to enable us to easily bring about the comparison proposed by Norman in 1969 and in 1993 [1991]. Unlike Norman, we eventually postulated a common reading of this compound as a tatpuruṣa originally denoting an almost material target of welfare, from which both the Brāhmaṇic and the Buddhist usages, whose meaning is predominantly immaterial (ritual or wisdom-oriented), might have developed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Bibliographic References
Primary Sources
A [Aṅguttara-nikāya] R. Morris, E. Hardy (Eds.). 5 Vols. London: PTS 1885-1900.
AB [Aitareya Brāhmaṇa] M. Haug (Ed., Tr.). Bombay: Government Central Book Depot 1863 [Reprint S. Jain (Ed.). 2 Vols. Delhi: New Bharatiya Book Corporation 2003].
Aṣṭ [Aṣṭādhyāyī] R. N. Sharma (Ed., Tr.). The Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini. 6 Vols. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal 1987–2003.
ĀpŚS Āpastamba-Śrauta-Sūtra. See Thite 2004.
AŚ[Arthaśāstra] R.P. Kangle (Ed.). The Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra. Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass 1986 [1965].
ĀŚS [Āśvalāyana-Śrautasūtra] R. Vidyāratna (Ed.). The Śrauta Sūtra of Āśvalāyana with the commentary of Gārgya Nārāyaṇa (Bibliotheca Indica 49). Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1864-1874.
Atharvaprāyaścittāni J. von Negelein (Ed.). Journal of the American Oriental Society 33 [1913], 71-144. http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/ind/aind/ved/av/avpray/avpra.htm
AVŚ [Śaunakīya Atharvaveda] V. Bandhu (Ed.). Atharvaveda (Śaunaka) with the Padapāṭha and Sāyaṇācārya’s Commentary. Hoshiarpur: Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute 1960-62.
BŚS [Baudhāyana-Śrautasūtra] G. Kashikar (Crit. Ed., Tr.). The Baudhāyana Śrauta Sūtra. 4 Vols. (Kalāmūlaśāstra series 37). New Delhi: IGNCA - Motilal Banarsidass 2003.
BhG The Bhagavadgītā. Being reprint of relevant parts of Bhīṣmaparvan from Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute’s edition of the Mahābhārata, for the first time critically edited by Shripad Krishna Belvalkar. Poona: Bhandakar Oriental Research Institute 1945.
BhŚS [Bharadvāja-Śrautasūtra] Ch. G. Kashikar (Crit. Ed., Tr.). Sūtras of Bharadvāja. Part I, Text. Poona: Vaidika Samsodhana Mandala 2002.
CSCD Chaṭṭha Saṅgāyana CD-ROM (version 3). Dhammagiri, Igatpuri: Vipassanā Research Institute 1999.
D [Digha-nikāya] Rhys Davids, Carpenter (Eds.). 3 Vols. London: PTS 1890-1911.
Dhp [Dhammapada] O. Von Hinuber, K. R. Norman (Eds.). Oxford: PTS 1994.
Divy [Divyāvadāna] E. B. Cowell, R. A. Neil (Eds.). The Divyāvadāna. A collection of Early Buddhist Legends. Amsterdam: Oriental Press NV 1970 [1886].
DP M. Cone, A Dictionary of Pāli. 2 Vols. to date, Oxford: PTS, 2001-.
GB [Gopatha Brāhmaṇa] D. Gaastra (Ed.). Leiden: Brill 1919. http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/ind/aind/ved/av/gb/gb.htm
HŚS [Hiranyakeṣi-Śrautasūtra] Satyāṣāḍhaviracitaṃ Śrautasūtam. 10 Vols. (Ānandāśramasaṃskr̥tagranthāvaliḥ, 53). Delhi1907-1932. http://titus.uni- frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/ind/aind/ved/yvs/hirss/hirss.htm
It [Itivuttaka] E. Windisch (Ed.). London: PTS 1889.
JB [Jaiminīya-Brāhmaṇa] R. Vira, L. Chandra (Eds.). Jaiminīya Brāhmaṇa of the Sāmaveda. (Sarasvati Vihāra Series, 31). Varanasi: Arya Bharati 1954 [Reprint Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass 1986].
KaU [Kaṭhopaniṣad] V. P. Limaye, R.K. Vadekar (Eds.). Eighteen Principal Upaniṣad Vol. 1. Poona: Vaidika Saṃṣodhana Maṇḍala 1958.
KauśS [Kauśikasūtra] http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/1_veda/5_vedang/2_grhya/kaussu_u.htm
KS [Kāthakam] L. von Schroeder (Ed.). Die Saṃhitā der Katha-Śākhā. Leipzig: Brockhaus 1900.
M/MN [Majjhima-nikāya] V. Trenckner, R. Chalmers (Eds.). 3 Vols. London: PTS 1887-1902.
MBh [Mahābhārata]. V. S. Sukthankar, Sh. K. Belvalkar, and P. L. Vaidya (Eds.). 19 Vols. Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute 1933-1971.
MDhŚ [Mānava-Dharmaśāstra] P. Olivelle (Crit. Ed., Tr.). Manu’s Code of Law. New York: Oxford University Press 2005.
Mvu [Mahāvastu] É. Senart (Ed.). Le Mahāvastu. 3 Vols. Paris: Société Asiatique 1883-1956.
Mp [Manorathapūraṇī (Aṅguttara-nikāya commentary)]. M. Walleser, H. Kopp (Eds). 5 Vols. London: PTS 1944-1957.
MS [Maitrāyaṇī-Saṃhitā] L. von Schroeder (Ed.). Leipzig: Brockhaus 1881-1886.
MŚS [Mānava-Śrautasūtra] J. M. van Gelder (Ed.). The Mānava Śrautasūtra belonging to the Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā (Sri Garib Dass Oriental Series n. 31). Delhi: Sri Satguru Publ. 1985 [1961].
MuṇḍU [Muṇḍakopaniṣad]—See KaUp.
Nīlakaṇṭhavyākhyā W. L. Shāstrī Paṇśikar (Ed.). Śrīmadbhagavadgītā with the Commentaries Śrīmatśaṅkarabhāṣya with Āndagiri; Nīlakaṇṭhī; Bhāṣyotkarṣadīpikā of Dhanapati; Strīdharī; Gītārthasañgraha of Abhinavaguptāchārya and Gūḍharthadīpikā of Madhusūdana with Gūḍhārthatattvāloka of Śrīdharmadattaśarmā. Bombay: Nirṇaya Sagar Press 19362.
Pj [Paramatthajotikā (Khuddakapāṭha-aṭṭhakathā)] see CSCD.
Pj II [Paramatthajotikā II (Suttanipāta commentary)] H. Smith (Ed). 3 Vols. London: PTS 1916-1917.
PTS Pali Text Society
R [Rāmāyaṇa] G. H. Bhatt, U. P. Shah (Eds.). The Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa. 7 Vols. Baroda: Oriental Institute 1960-1975.
ṚV [Ṛgveda-Samhitā] N. S. Sontakke – C.G. Kashikar (Eds.). Ṛgveda-Samhitā with a Commentary of Sāyaṇācārya. 4 Vols. Poona: Vaidika Saṃṣodhana Maṇḍala 19832 [1933-1951].
S [Saṃyutta-nikāya] L. Feer (Ed.). 5 Vols. London: PTS 1884-98.
SBhV [Saṅghabhedavastu] R. Gnoli with the assistance of T. Venkatocharya (Eds.). The Gilgit Manuscript of the Saṅghabhedavastu. Roma: Istituto Italiano per il Medio e L’Estremo Oriente 1977.
Sn [Suttanipāta] D. Andersen, H. Smith (Eds). London: PTS 1913.
Spk [Sāratthappakāsinī (Saṃyuttanikāya-aṭṭhakathā)] F. L. Woodward (Ed.). 3 Vols. London: PTS 1929-37.
Śaṅkarabhāṣya See Nīlakaṇṭhavyākhyā.
ŚBM [Mādhyandina-Śatapatha-Brāhmana] A. Weber (Ed.). The Śatapatha-Brāhmana in the Mādhyandina-śākhā with Extracts from the Commentaries of Sāyaṇa, Harisvāmin and Dvivedagaṅga. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office 1885 [Reprint 1964].
ŚŚS [Śāṅkhāyana-Śrautasūtra] A. Hillebrandt (Ed.). Śāṅkhāyana-Śrautasūtra together with the commentary of Varadattasuta Ānartīya and Govinda. 4 Vols. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1885-99 [Reprint 4 Vols. bound in 2. New Delhi: Meharchand Lachhmandas 2002].
Th, Thī [Theragāthā and Therīgāthā] H. Oldenberg, R. Pischel (Eds.). London: PTS 1966.
TB [Taittirīya-Brāhmaṇa] Kṛṣṇyajurvedīyam Taittirīyabrāhmaṇam. Śrīmat Sāyaṇacārya-Viracitabhāṣyasametam. 3 Vols. (Ānandāśrama Saṃskṛta Granthāvaliḥ, Granthāṅkaḥ 37). Punyakhyapattane: Anandasramamudrana Laye 1999.
TS [Taittirīya-Saṃhitā] Kṛṣṇayajurvedīyataittirīyasaṃhitā. Vedārtha-Prakāśa by Sāyaṇa. 8 Vols. (Ānandāśrama Sanskrit Series 42). Poona: Anandasramamudrana Laye 1900-1905.
TU [Taittirīyopaniṣad]—See KaUp.
Ud [Udāna]. P. Steinthal (Ed.). London: PTS 1885.
Uv [Udānavarga] F. Bernhard (Ed.). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 1965.
Vin [Vinaya Piṭaka] H. Oldenberg (Ed.). 5 Vols. London: PTS 1879-83.
VSM [Mādhyandina-Vājasaneyi-Saṁhitā] A. Weber (Ed.). Vājasaneyi Saṁhitā in the Mādhyandina and the Kāṇvaśākhā with the commentary of Mahidhara. Berlin-London: Stenzler 1849.
YS [Yogasūtra] M. R. Yardi (Ed., Tr.). The Yoga of Patañjali: with an Introduction, Sanskrit Text of the Yogasūtras. Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute 1979.
Secondary Sources
Amano, K. (2009). Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā I-II. Übersetzung der Prosapartien mit Kommentar zur Lexik und Syntax der älteren vedischen Prosa. Bremen: Hempen Verlag.
Anālayo. (2003). Satipaṭṭhāna. The direct path to realization. Birmingham: Windhorse Publications
Anālayo. (2009). Yogakkhema. In Brill’s Encyclopedia of Buddhism (pp. 800–802). Leiden: Brill.
Bodewitz, H. W. (1990). The Jyotiṣṭoma Ritual. Jaiminīya Brāhmaṇa I, 66-364. Introduction, Translation and Commentary. Leiden-New York: Brill.
Bodhi, Bhikkhu (Tr.). (1995). The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Majjhima Nikāya (with Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu). Boston: Wisdom Publications.
Bodhi, Bhikkhu (Tr.). (2000). The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Saṃyutta Nikāya. Boston: Wisdom Publications.
Bodhi, Bhikkhu (Tr.). (2012). The Numerical Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Aṅguttara Nikāya. Boston: Wisdom Publications.
Bronkhorst, J. (1993). The two traditions of meditation in ancient India (2nd ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
Bronkhorst, J. (2007). Greater Magadha: Studies in the culture of Early India. (Handbook of Oriental Studies 2. India, Vol. 19.). Leiden-Boston: Brill.
Buitenen, J.A.B. (Tr.) (1973). The Mahābhārata. 1. The book of the Beginning. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Buitenen, J.A.B. (Tr.) (1975). The Mahābhārata. 2. The book of the Assembly Hall; 3. The Book of the Forest. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Buitenen, J.A.B. (Tr.) (1978). The Mahābhārata. 4. The book of Virata; 5. The book of the effort. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Caland, W. (1970). Das Jaiminiya-Brahmana in Auswahl: Text, Übersetzung, Indices. Wiesbaden: Sändig [1919].
Charpentier, J. (1928–1929). Kaṭhaka Upaniṣad, Translated with an Introduction and Notes. Indian Antiquary 57, pp. 201–207; 221–229; 58, pp. 1–5.
Cousins, L. S. (1992). Vitakka/Vitarka and Vicāra: Stages of Samādhi in Buddhism and Yoga. Indo-Iranian Journal, 35(2), 137–157.
Ditrich, T. (2013). The concept of smṛti in the Yogasūtra: Memory or mindfulness? In The Indian Subcontinent: Between Tradition and Modernity. Asian Studies 1, n° 1, pp. 45–62
Dumont, P. E. (1948). The horse-sacrifice in the Taittirīya-Brāhmaṇa: The eight and ninth Prapāṭhakas of the third Kāṇḍa of the Taittirīya-Brāhmaṇa with translation. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 92(6), 447–503.
Eggeling, J. (Tr.) (1963–19782). Śatapatha-Brāhmaṇa according to the Text of the Mādhyandina School (The Sacred Books of the East, Vols. 12, 26, 41, 43, 44). Motilal Banarsidass: Delhi [1882–1900].
Fitzgerald, J. L. (Tr.) (2004). The Mahābhārata. 11 The Book of the Women 12 The Book of Peace, Part One (The Mahābhārata, Vol. 7). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Gelder, J. M. van. (Tr.) (1985). The Mānava Śrautasūtra belonging to the Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā. Delhi: Sri Satguru [1963].
Geldner, K.F. (1951). Der Rigveda. Aus dem Sanskrit ins Deutsche übersetzt und mit einem Laufenden Kommentar versehen. 5 Teils. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Haug, M. (Ed., Tr.) (2003). Aitareya Brāhmaṇa. Re-edited by S. Jain. 2 Vols. Delhi: New Bharatiya Book Corporation [1863].
Jamison, S. W., J. P. Brereton (Tr.) (2014). The Rigveda. The Earliest Religious Poetry of India (Vol 3). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Johnston, E. H. (1939). On some difficulties of the Kaṭha Upaniṣad. In M. Katre & P.K. Gode (Eds.) A volume of Eastern and Indian Studies presented to professor F.W. Thomas (pp. 122–127). New Indian Antiquary, Extra Series 1. Bombay: Karnatak Publishing House.
Kangle, R.P. (1965).—See ĀŚ.
Keith, A. B. (1912). Review of Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā, Book III by Leopold von Schroeder. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, (Oct.), pp. 1095–1103.
Keith, A. B. (Tr.) (1914). The Veda of the Black Yajus School entitled Taittiriya Sanhita (Harvard Oriental Series, 18–19, Vol 2). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Keith, A. B. (Tr.) (1981). The Aitareya and Kauītaki Brāhmaas of the Rigveda (Harvard Oriental Series, 25). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass [1920].
King, W. L. (1980). Theravāda meditation. The Buddhist transformation of Yoga. University Park: The Pennsylvanya State University Press.
Kumoi, S. (1997). The concept of Yoga in the Nikāyas. In P. Kieffer-Pulz, Jens-uweh Artmann (Eds.). Bauddhavidyāsudhākaraḥ. Studies in Honour of Heinz Bechert on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday. Swisttal-Odendorf: Indica et Tibetica Verlag.
Kuzmina, E., J.P. Mallory (Ed.) (2007). The origin of the Indo-Iranians. (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, ed. by Alexander Lubotsky vol. 3). Leiden: Brill.
Lamotte, E. (1949). Le traité de la grande vertu de sagesse de Nāgārjuna (Mahaprājñāpāramitāśāstra). Tome I (Bibliothèque du Muséon, 18). Louvain: Bureaux du Muséon.
Larson, G. J. (1989). An old problem revisited: the relation between Sāṃkhya, yoga And Buddhism. Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik, 15, 129–146.
Larson, G.J., & R. Sh. Bhattacharya (2008). Yoga: India’s philosophy of meditation. Vol. XII. Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
La Vallée Poussin, L. De (1937). Le Bouddhisme et le Yoga de Patañjali. Melanges Chinois et Bouddhiques V, 232–242.
Masefield, P. (Tr.) (2000). The Itivuttaka. Oxford: PTS.
Mayrhofer, M. (1956-1980). Kurzgefaßtes etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen, 4 Vols. Heidelberg: C. Winter.
Müller, F. M. (Tr.) (1881). The Dhammapada and The Sutta-nipata (The sacred book of the east, Vol. X, Part. II). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Müller, F. M. (Tr.) (1884; 1900). The Upanishads. (The Sacred books of the east, Vol. I, 1900; Vol. XV, 1884). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
Mylius, K. (1994). Āśvalāyana-Śrautasūtra. Erstmalig vollständig übersetzt, erläutert und mit Indices versehen. Texte und Übersetzungen 3. Wichtrach: Inst. f. Indologie.
Nārada Thera. (Tr.) (1963). Dhammapada. Pali text and translation with stories in brief and notes. Colombo: Vajirārāma.
Neri, Ch., & Pontillo T. (Forthcoming). On the boundary between Yogakkhema in the Suttapi?aka and Yogak?ema in the Upani?ads and Bhagavadg?t?. In Proceedings of “Crossing boundaries. Transforming experiences in Indian literature and art.” International Seminar on Indian Literature and Art-Cracow 22nd-24th September 2016.
Norman, K. R. (Tr.) (1992). The Group of Discourses (Sutta-nipāta). Translation series 45. London: PTS.
Norman, K. R. (1993). Brahmanical terms in a Buddhist guise. In: K. R. Norman: Collected Papers, 4: 271-280. Oxford: The Pali Text Society. [Skorupski, T. (Ed.). 1991. The Buddhist Forum, Vol. 2, pp. 193–200.]
Norman, K. R. (Tr.) (1997). The Word of the Doctrine (Dhammapada). Oxford: The Pali Text Society
Norman, K. R. (Tr.) (2007). The Elders’ Verse I (Theragāthā), Translation series 38. Lancaster: PTS [1969].
Nyāṇatiloka (1980) Buddhist Dictionary. Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines. Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society.
Oberlies, Th. (2012). Der Rigveda und seine Religion. Berlin: Verlag der Weltreligion.
Oertel, H. (1926). The syntax of cases in the narrative and descriptive prose of the Brāhmanas. Heidelberg: Winter.
Oguibénine, B. (1998). Essays on Vedic and Indo-European culture. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
Olivelle, P. (Ed., Tr.) (1998). The early Upanisads. Annotated text and translation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Olivelle, P. (Tr.). (2013). King, Governance and Law in ancient India: Kautilya’s Arthasastra. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Palihawadana, M. (1968). Yoga and Kṣema: The Significance of their Usage in the Ṛgveda. Vidyodaya J. Arts, Lett. Vol. 1, 2, pp. 185–190.
Parameswara, A. K. (1969). Non-Ṛgvedic Citations in the Āśvalāyana Śrautasūtra. A Study. PhD-Thesis, Karnataka University [http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in].
Patyal, H. Ch. (1969). Gopatha brahmana English translation with notes and introduction, PhD-Thesis, Savitribai Phule Pune University [http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in].
Pemaratana, S. (2012). A comparative study of Samādhi in the Visuddhimagga and in the Yoga Sutra [sic]. Sri Lanka International Journal of Buddhist Studies, 2, 101–117.
Pokorny, J. (1959). Indogermansiches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Bern und München: Francke Verlag.
Pollock, Sh. I. (Tr.) (1986). The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki. An Epic of Ancient India. Vol. II, Ayodhyākāṇḍa. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Pontillo, T. (2018), How to find generous patrons even when there are none. In M. Albedil & N. Yanchevskaya (Eds.) Mitrasampradanam. A collection of papers in honour of Yaroslav Vassilkov (pp. 93-109). Saint Petersburg: Russian Academy of Sciences. Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera).
Rau, W. (1957). Staat und Gesellschaft im alten Indien. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Ray, R. B. A. (1933). Yogaksema. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, 7(1), 133–136.
Renou, L. (1953). Quelque termes du Ṛgveda, d. yoga. Journal Asiatique, 241, 177–180.
Renou, L. (1960). Hymne à Varuṇa. Études Védiques et Pāṇinéennes VII (pp. 81–83).
Samuel, G. (2008). Origins of Yoga & Tantra: Indic religion to the thirteenth century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Senart, É. (1900). Bouddhisme et Yoga. Revue de l’histoire des religions, 42, 345–363.
Srisuchat, A. (2004). Yoga philosophy in secondary thought: Tracing back to Yoga in Thailand’s Past, A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree in Doctor of Philosophy, Department of oriental Language, Graduate school, Silpakorn University.
Tandon, S. N. (19982). A re-appraisal of Patanjali’s yoga-sutras in the light of the Buddha’s teaching. Igatpuri, Maharashtra: Vipassana Research Institute.
Thite, G. U. (2004). Āpastamba-Śrauta-Sūtra (text with English translation and notes) (Vol. II). Delhi: New Bharatiya Book Corporation.
Vetter, T. (1988). The ideas and meditative practices of early Buddhism. Leiden: Brill.
Wackernagel, J. (1957). Einleitung zur Wortlehre. Nominalkomposition (Altindische Grammatik 2.1). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Whitney, W. D. (Tr.). (1905). Atharva-Veda Samhitā, Translated with critical and exegetical commentary, revised by C. R. Lanman. (Vol 2). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Witzel, M. (1987). On the localisation of Vedic texts and schools. In G. Pollet (Ed.), India and the ancient world. History, trade and culture before A.D. 650. Professor P.H.L. Eggermont Jubilee Volume (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta, 25, pp. 173–213). Leuven: Departement Oriëntalistiek.
Witzel, M. (1995). Early Sanskritization. Origins and development of the Kuru State. Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, 1(4), 1–26.
Witzel, M. (1997). The development of the Vedic canon and its schools: The social and political Milieu. In M. Witzel (Ed.), Inside the texts beyond the texts (Harvard Oriental Series. Opera Minora, Vol. 2, pp. 257–345). Cambridge, MA: Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies.
Witzel, M., et al. (2007, 2013). Rig-Veda: Das heilige Wissen. Erster und zweiter Liederkreis. Aus dem vedischen Sanskrit übersetzt und herausgegeben von Michael Witzel und Toshifumi Gotō unter Mitarbeit von Eijirō Dōyama und Mislav Ježić. Dritter bis fünfter Liederkreis. Aus dem vedischen Sanskrit übersetzt und herausgegeben von Michael Witzel (Buch III), Toshifumi Gotō (Buch IV) und Salvatore Scarlata (Buch V). Frankfurt a. M. [u.a.]: Verlag der Weltreligionen im Inselverlag.
Woodward, F. L. (Tr.) (1985). The Book of the Kindred Sayings (Saṃyutta-nikāya) or Grouped Suttas. London: PTS.
Wynne, A. (2007). The origin of Buddhist meditation. London: Routledge.
Yardi, M. R. (1986). The Mahābhārata: Its genesis and growth: A statistical study. Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pontillo, T., Neri, C. The Case of yogakṣema/yogakkhema in Vedic and Suttapiṭaka Sources. In Response to Norman. J Indian Philos 47, 527–563 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10781-019-09397-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10781-019-09397-y