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Legal perspectives in novel psychiatric treatment and related research

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Poiesis & Praxis

Abstract

The new generation of psychopharmacological products have proved their efficacy. Some neuro-degenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, could be treated by means of the gene therapy. Although the aetiology of such diseases is still not completely known, it has been proven that the patients lack some substances that could be produced by means of the transfer of in vivo or ex vivo genes that codify them in the proper places of the brain. Furthermore, it is announced that the implantation in laboratory grown stem cells of diverse origins is very hopeful. Cerebral (micro)electronic implants could be effective to fight some motor diseases as well as sensory functions. All of these kinds of new treatments need to be tested through clinical research. Most national legislation includes provisions on the clinical trials of drugs and a series of guarantees, procedures and conditions which are designed to ensure protection for individuals used in experiments and to assure that the trial is indeed of scientific relevance. However, few lay down similar regulations or provide for specific controls for the research of other treatments. Finally, enhancement of psychic capacities pose new problems for society as well as do the need for new legal decisions.

Zusammenfassung

Eine neue Generation psychopharmakologischer Produkte hat ihre Wirksamkeit bewiesen. Manche neurodegenerative Krankheiten, zum Beispiel Parkinson und Alzheimer, konnten mit gentherapeutischen Methoden behandelt werden. Obgleich die Äthiologie solcher Krankheiten noch nicht ganz bekannt ist, konnte gezeigt werden, dass die betroffenen Patienten einen Mangel an bestimmten Substanzen aufweisen, der durch den Transfer von in vivo oder ex vivo Genen, in denen diese Substanzen kodiert sind, an die entsprechenden Stellen im Gehirn behoben werden kann. Außerdem setzt man inzwischen große Hoffnungen auf die Implantation der im Laboratorium kultivierten Stammzellen verschiedenen Ursprungs. Mit (mikro-)elektronischen Gehirnimplantaten könnten bald verschiedene motorische und sensorische Erkrankungen wirksam bekämpft werden. Bevor sie zur Anwendung kommen können, müssen all diese verschiedenen neuen Behandlungsmethoden einer klinischen Erprobung und klinischer Forschung unterzogen werden. In den meisten Ländern sind Gesetze in Kraft, die Bestimmungen hinsichtlich der klinischen Erprobung von Medikamenten enthalten und eine Reihe von Garantien, Prozeduren und Bedingungen vorsehen, die für die Sicherheit von Individuen sorgen sollen, die für solche Experimente herangezogen werden. Außerdem sollen diese Bestimmungen sicherstellen, dass die Versuche auch wissenschaftlich sinnvoll sind. Für die Erforschung anderer Behandlungsarten gibt es dagegen nur wenige gesetzliche Richtlinien, die eine ähnliche Regulation oder spezifische Kontrollmechanismen hinsichtlich der Erforschung dieser Behandlungsmethoden gewährleisten könnten. In diesem Zusammenhang stellen auch Maßnahmen zur Erhöhung psychischer Fähigkeiten die Gesellschaft vor neue Probleme und machen neue gesetzgeberische Entscheidungen notwendig.

Résumé

La nouvelle génération de produits psychopharmaceutiques a fait la preuve de son efficacité. Certaines maladies neurodégénératives, comme les maladies de Parkinson et d’Alzheimer, ont pu être traitées au moyen de la thérapie génique. Bien que l’étiologie de telles maladies ne soit pas encore complètement connue, on a démontré qu’il manque aux patients certaines substances qui pourraient être produites par le transfert in vivo ou ex vivo de gènes qui les codifient au bon endroit dans le cerveau. En outre, on annonce comme très prometteuse l’implantation de cellules souches de diverses origines cultivées en laboratoire. Les implants cérébraux (micro-)électroniques pourraient s’avérer efficace pour lutter contre certaines affections motrices et des fonctions sensorielles. Tous ces types de nouveaux traitements doivent au préalable être testés par la recherche clinique. La plupart des législations nationales prévoient des clauses sur les essais cliniques de médicaments et mettent en place une série de garanties, de procédures et de conditions visant à assurer la protection des individus participant aux essais, et à veiller à ce que les essais ont effectivement une pertinence scientifique. Cependant, leurs réglementations sont rarement similaires et elles ne prévoient en général pas de contrôles spécifiques sur la recherche d’autres traitements. Enfin, l’amélioration des capacités psychiques pose de nouveaux problèmes pour la société, au même titre que le besoin en nouvelles décisions législatives.

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Notes

  1. Psychosurgery has been defined by the United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare as “surgery in the normal cerebral tissue aimed at modifying or controlling behaviour or surgery in diseased cerebral tissue if the sole objective is to control, modify or affect behavioural abnormalities”.

  2. In this sense see the European Court of Human Rights: “The Court considers that the position of inferiority and powerlessness, which is typical of patients confined in psychiatric hospitals, calls for increased vigilance in reviewing whether the Convention has been complied with” (Winterwerp v. the Netherlands Application No. 6301/73, judgment 24 October 1979).

  3. In accordance with art. 2 (1) of the German Federal Constitution (Grundgesetz): “Everyone has the right to free development of his personality insofar as he does not violate the right of others or offend against the constitutional order or morality”.

  4. Art. 10.1 of the Spanish Constitution: “Human dignity, man’s inviolable and inherent rights, the free development of his personality, respect for the law and for the rights of others are fundamental to political order and social peace”.

  5. See art. 156 of Spanish Criminal Code. After the authorisation of the judge, it is also necessary that the handicapped person’s legal representatives ask for the sterilisation, the intervention of the public prosecutor, the opinions of two specialists and ask that the judge question the handicapped person and acts for the benefit of him or her. The Constitutional Court considered that this regulation complied with the Constitution (ruling of 14 July 1994).

  6. For example, in Spain Law 25/1990, of 20 December, on Drugs and Medicines; also Royal Decree (RD) 561/1993, of 16 April, which sets out the requirements for the performance of clinical trials of drugs. At the European level see Directive 2001/20/EC, relating to the implementation of good clinical practice in the conduct of clinical trials on medicinal products for human use; European Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, arts. 15 ff.

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Correspondence to Carlos María Romeo-Casabona.

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Romeo-Casabona, C.M. Legal perspectives in novel psychiatric treatment and related research. Poiesis Prax 2, 315–328 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10202-004-0062-9

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