Abstract
The paper shows epistemological, methodological and ontological peculiarities of chemistry taken as a classificatory science of materials using experimental methods. Without succumbing to standard interpretations of physical science, chemical methods of experimental investigation, classification, reference, theorizing, prediction and production of new entities are developed one by one as first steps towards a philosophy of chemistry. Chemistry challenges traditional concepts of empirical object, empirical predicate, reference frame and theory, but also the distinction commonly drawn between natural science and technology. Due to its many peculiarities, I propose to treat chemistry philosophically as a special type of science, apart from other sciences.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Akeroyd, F. M.: 1986, ‘A Challenge to the Followers of Lakatos’, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 37, 359–362.
Aristotle: 1922, On coming-to-be and passing-away, ed. and comm. by H. H. Joachim, Oxford.
Bachelard, G.: 1973, Le pluralisme cohérent de la chimie moderne, 2. edn., Paris (1st ed. 1932).
Böhm, W.: 1961, Die Naturwissenschaftler und ihre Philosophie. Geistesgeschichte der Chemie, Herder, Wien.
Bunge, M.: 1982, ‘Is Chemistry a Branch of Physics’, Journal for General Philosophy of Science 13, 209–223.
Caldin, E. F.: 1960, ‘Theories and the Development of Chemistry’, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 10, 209–222.
Caldin, E. F.: 1961, The Structure of Chemistry in Relation to the Philosophy of Science, Sheed and Word, New York.
Carnap, R.: 1953, ‘Testability and Meaning’, in: H. Feigl, M. Brodbeck (eds.), Readings in the Philosophy of Science, New York, pp. 47–92.
Del Re, G.: 1987, ‘The Historical Perspective and the Specificity of Chemistry’, Epistemologia 10, 231–240.
Del Re, G., Villani, G., Severino, P.: 1986, ‘On the Specificity of Chemical Explanation’, Atti del Congresso Logica e Filosofia della Scienza, December 1983, Vol. II, Bologna, 263–266.
Dittus, S., Mayer, M.: 1992, ‘Bibliographie Chemie und Geisteswissenschaften’, in: Mittelstraß/ Stock 1992, pp. 217–333.
Donovan, A. (ed.): 1988, The Chemical Revolution. Essays in Reinterpretation, Philadelphia (Osiris, N. S., 4(1988)).
Hacking, I.: 1983, Representing and Intervening, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Harré, R.: 1986, Varieties of Realism. A Rationale for the Natural Sciences, Blackwell, Oxford.
Hoffmann, R., Laszlo, P.: 1991, ‘Representation in Chemistry’, Angewandte Chemie, Int. Ed. Engl. 30, 1–16.
Janich, P.: 1994a, ‘Protochemie. Programm einer konstruktiven Chemiebegründung’, Journal for General Philosophy of Science 22, 71–87.
Janich, P. (ed.): 1994b, Philosophische Perspektiven der Chemie, BI, Mannheim.
Janich, P., Psarros, N. (eds.): 1996, Die Sprache der Chemie, Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg.
Laitko, H., Sprung, W.-D.: 1970, Chemie und Weltanschauung. Standpunkte der marxistischen Philosophie zu einigen philosophischen Problemen der modernen Chemie, Urania, Leipzig-Jena-Berlin.
Le Grand, H. E.: 1976/77, ‘Genius and the Dogmatization of Error: The Failure of C. L. Berthollet’s Attack upon Lavoisier’s Acid Theory’, Organon 12/13, 193–209.
Lévy, M.: 1979, ‘Les relations entre chimie et physique et le problème de la reduction’, Epistemologia 2, 337–370.
Liegener, C., Del Re, G.: 1987a, ‘Chemistry vs. Physics: the Reduction Myth and the Unity of Science’, Journal for General Philosophy of Science 18, 165–174.
Liegener, C., Del Re, G.: 1987b, ‘The Relation of Chemistry to other Fields of Science: Atomism, Reductionism, and Inversion of Reduction’, Epistemologia 10, 269–284.
Luisi, P.-L, Thomas, R. M.: 1990, ‘The Pictographic Molecular Paradigm’, Naturwissenschaften 77, 67–74.
McMullin, E.: 1978, ‘The Concept of Matter in Transition’, in: McMullin, E. (ed.): The Concept of Matter in Modern Philosophy, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame-London, pp. 1–55.
Mittelstraß, J., Stock, G. (eds.): 1992, Chemie und Geisteswissenschaften: Versuch einer Annäherung, Akademie Verlag, Berlin.
Musgrave, A.: 1976, ‘Why did Oxygen Supplant Phlogiston? Research Programmes in the Chemical Revolution’, in: C. Howson (ed.): Method and Appraisal in the Physical Sciences. The Critical Background to Modern Science, 1800–1905, Cambridge U. P., Cambridge, pp. 181–209.
Nye, M. J.: 1972, Molecular Reality. A Perspective on the Scientific Work of Jean Perrin, London-New York.
Nye, M. J.: 1993, From Chemical Philosophy to Theoretical Chemistry. Dynamics ofMatter and Dynamics of Disciplines 1800–1950, University of California Press, Berkeley-Los Angeles-London.
Ostwald, W.: 1904, ‘Elements and Compounds’, Journal of the Chemical Society 85, 506–522.
Ostwald, W.: 1907, Prinzipien der Chemie. Eine Einleitung in alle chemischen Lehrbücher, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig.
Ostwald, W.: 1909, Grundriß der allgemeinen Chemie, 4th edn., Engelmann, Leipzig.
Polanyi, M.: 1958, Personal Knowledge, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Popper, K. R.: 1959, The Logic of Scientific Discovery, Hutchinson, London.
Primas, H.: 1981, Chemistry, Quantum Mechanics and Reductionism, Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York.
Primas, H.: 1982, ‘Chemistry and Complementarity’, Chimia 36, 293–300.
Primas, H.: 1985, ‘Kann Chemie auf Physik reduziert werden?’, Chemie in unserer Zeit 19, 109–119, 160–166.
Psarros, N., Ruthenberg, K., Schummer, J. (eds.): 1996, Philosophie der Chemie. Bestandsaufnahme und Ausblick, Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg.
Scerri, E. R.: 1991, ‘The Electronic Configuration Model, Quantum Mechanics and Reduction’, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 42, 309–325.
Schummer, J.: 1994, ‘Die Rolle des Experiments in der Chemie’, in: P. Janich 1994b, pp. 27–51.
Schummer, J.: 1995a, ‘Problems of Physicalistic Reduction: The Chemical Core of Chemistry’, International Workshop on “Chemistry and Reduction”, 15–17th June 1995, Konstanz (distributed manuscript, submitted).
Schummer, J.: 1995b, ‘Die philosophische Entstofflichung der Welt’, chimica didactica 21, 5–19.
Schummer, J.: 1995c, ‘Zwischen Wissenschaftstheorie und Didaktik der Chemie’: Die Genese von Stoffbegriffen’, chimica didactica 21(2), 85–110).
Schummer, J.: 1995d, ‘Ist die Chemie eine schöne Kunst? Ein Beitrag zum Verhältnis von Kunst und Wissenschaft’, Zeitschrift fürÄsthetik und Allgemeine Kunstwissenschaft 40, 145–178.
Schummer, J.: 1996a, Realismus und Chemie. Philosophische Untersuchungen der Wissenschaft von den Stoffen, Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg.
Schummer, J.: 1996b, ‘Zur Semiotik der chemischen Zeichensprache: Die Reprásentation dynamischer Verhältnisse mit statischen Mitteln’, in: Janich/Psarros 1996, pp. 113–126.
Schummer, J.: 1996c, ‘Philosophie der Stoffe, Bestandsaufnahme und Ausblick. Von der Entstofflichung der Welt zur ökologischen Relevanz einer Philosophie der Chemie’, in: Psarros et al. 1996, pp. 143–164.
Schummer, J.: 1996d, ‘Die stofflicheWeltveränderung der Chemie: Philosophische Herausforderungen’, in: C. Hubig, H. Poser (eds.): Cognition humana–Dynamik des Wissens und der Werte. XVII. Deutscher Kongreß für Philosophie, Leipzig 1996, Workshop-Beiträge, Leipzig, vol. 1, pp. 429–436.
Schummer, J.: 1996e, ‘Bibliographie chemiephilosophischer Literatur der DDR’, Hyle 2, 3–11.
Schummer, J.: 1997a, ‘Scientometric Studies on Chemistry I: The Exponential Growth of Chemical Substances, 1800–1995’, Scientometrics 39, 107–123.
Schummer, J.: 1997b, ‘Scientometric Studies on Chemistry II: Aims and Methods of Producing new Chemical Substances’, Scientometrics 39, 125–140.
Schummer, J.: 1997c, ‘Physical Chemistry: Neither Fish nor Fowl?’, in: P. Janich, N. Psarros (ed.): The Autonomy of Chemistry, Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg (in press).
Schummer, J.: 1997d, ‘Challenging Standard Distinctions between Science and Technology: The Case of Preparative Chemistry’, Hyle 3(in press).
Simon, R., Niedersen, U., Kertscher, G.: 1982, Philosophische Probleme der Chemie, VEB, Berlin.
Ströker, E.: 1967, Denkwege der Chemie, Alber, Freiburg-München.
Ströker, E.: 1968, ‘Zur Systemproblematik der Chemie’, in: A. Diemer (ed.): System und Klassifikation in Wissenschaft und Dokumentation, Meisenheim, pp. 79–95.
Ströker, E.: 1982, Theorienwandel in der Wissenschaftsgeschichte. Chemie im 18. Jahrhundert, Klostermann, Frankfurt/M.
Theobald, D. W.: 1976, ‘Some Considerations on the Philosophy of Chemistry’, Chemical Society Reviews 5, 203–213.
Timmermans, J.: 1963, The Concept of Species in Chemistry, 2nd edn., Chemical Publishing, New York.
van Brakel, J.: 1986, ‘The Chemistry of Substances and the Philosophy of Mass Terms’, Synthese 69, 291–324.
van Brakel, J.: 1993, ‘On the Neglect of the Philosophy of Chemistry’, in: Psarros et al. 1996, pp. 13–26.
van Brakel, J., Vermeeren, H.: 1981, ‘On the Philosophy of Chemistry’, Philosophy Research Archives 7, 501–552.
Wald, F.: 1899, ‘Was ist ein chemisches Individuum?’, Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie 28, 13–16.
Weininger, S. J.: 1984, ‘The Molecular Structure Conundrum. Can Classical Chemistry be Reduced to Quantum Chemistry?’, Journal of Chemical Education 61, 939–944.
Weyer, J.: 1974, Chemiegeschichtsschreibung von Wiegleb (1790) bis Partington (1970), Gerstenberg, Hildesheim.
Woolley, R. G.: 1978, ‘Must a Molecule Have a Shape?’, Journal of the American Chemical Society 100, 1073–1078.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schummer, J. Towards a Philosophy of Chemistry. A short extract of this paper was first read at the 10th International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, Florence, August 19–25, 1995.. Journal for General Philosophy of Science 28, 307–336 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008206719087
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008206719087