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Programmed Death Phenomena at Various Levels of Development of the Living Systems

  • Conference paper
Formal Descriptions of Developing Systems

Part of the book series: NATO Science Series ((NAII,volume 121))

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Abstract

A concept is presented assuming that any complex biological system, from intracellular organelle (mitochondria) to multicellular organism is equipped with a program of self-elimination. Such a suicide program is actuated when the system in question appears to be unwanted for a system occupying a higher position in biological hierarchy. This principle called the “Samurai law of biology” (“It is better to die than to be wrong”) will be illustrated considering defence of organelles, cells, organs and organisms against damaging effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In bacteria, DNA damage initiates (a) induction of synthesis of reparation enzymes, (b) arrest of the cell divisions and (c) autolysin activation resulting in the programmed death. In mitochondria, ROS can open the permeability transition pore, initiating in this way programmed death of mitochondria (mitoptosis), which can purify intracellular population of mitochondria from the ROS-overproducing organelles. In yeast, H2O2 induces some proteins causing programmed death. Inhibition of the protein synthesis prevents this effect. Also in yeast, high levels of a pheromone proved to cause ROS formation resulting in programmed death. In human HeLa cells, tumour necrosis factor α (TNF) initiates ROS formation and then programmed death (apoptosis). At supracellular level, the programmed death signal is transmitted from the TNF-treated to intact cells and such a transmission is arrested by catalase, indicating that H2O2 serves as an intercellular programmed death messenger. Conversion of a tadpole to a frog is shown to be mediated by thyroxine causing induction of an NO synthase in the tadpole tail cells. This results in strong increase in the H2O2 level due to inhibition by NO of catalase and gluthatione peroxidase. Moreover, NO causes antimycin A-like inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain, which strongly stimulates ROS production. Due to massive apoptosis, the tail disappears (organoptosis). It is suggested that ROS mediate aging which is considered as programmed death of organism (phenoptosis). The “Samurai law” is regarded as a mechanism preventing the great destructive potential of environment, as well as of the living systems per se, from being realised. It helps organisms to maintain intact their genomes that were developed during billion years of evolution but can be destroyed during one or several generations by a single mutation in one of thousands genome-composing genes.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and School of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Russia

    Vladimir P. Skulachev

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  1. Vladimir P. Skulachev
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mathematics, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA

    James Nation

  2. Collective Intelligence Lab, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada

    Irina Trofimova

  3. Department of Physiology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA

    John D. Rand

  4. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada

    William Sulis

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© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

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Skulachev, V.P. (2003). Programmed Death Phenomena at Various Levels of Development of the Living Systems. In: Nation, J., Trofimova, I., Rand, J.D., Sulis, W. (eds) Formal Descriptions of Developing Systems. NATO Science Series, vol 121. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0064-2_5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0064-2_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-1568-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-010-0064-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

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