Abstract
United Nations (UN) leaders suggest that the world is not on track to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. The purpose of this paper is to explore whether the SDGs provide a valuable platform to call for a basic income (BI) globally. Adopting a critical historical studies approach, the article traces the evolution of ‘development’, including the UN decades of development, the Millennium Development Goals, and the SDGs. It subsequently describes the structural adjustment and poverty reduction efforts by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, and then outlines why the SDG framework may be helpful in advancing a BI. We argue that as climate-related disasters increase, a BI will be vital in providing a modicum of security in an increasingly unstable world. Calls for BI must be anchored to a broader change agenda that recognizes the causes of poverty and income inequality, and seeks their dismantling and redress.
Funding source: Canada Research Chairs
References
Abouharb, M. R., and D. L. Cingranelli. 2006. “The Human Rights Effects of World Bank Structural Adjustment, 1981–2000.” International Studies Quarterly 50 (2): 233–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2006.00401.x.Search in Google Scholar
Baillot, H. 2021. “A Well-Adjusted Debt: How the International Anti-Debt Movement Failed to Delink Debt Relief and Structural Adjustment.” International Review of Social History 66 (S29): 215–38, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020859021000146.Search in Google Scholar
Baird, S., F. H. Ferreira, B. Özler, and M. Woolcock. 2013. “Relative Effectiveness of Conditional and Unconditional Cash Transfers for Schooling Outcomes in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review.” Campbell Systematic Reviews 9 (1): 1–124. https://doi.org/10.4073/csr.2013.8.Search in Google Scholar
Birnbaum, S., and J. De Wispelaere. 2021. “Exit Strategy or Exit Trap? Basic Income and the ‘Power to Say No’ in the Age of Precarious Employment.” Socio-Economic Review 19 (3): 909–27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwaa002.Search in Google Scholar
Bracking, S. 1999. “Structural Adjustment: Why it wasn’t Necessary & Why it did Work.” Review of African Political Economy 26 (80): 207–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056249908704379.Search in Google Scholar
Buiter, W. H. 2007. “‘Country Ownership’: A Term Whose Time Has Gone.” Development in Practice 17 (4–5): 647–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614520701469856.Search in Google Scholar
Calnitsky, D., and J. P. Latner. 2017. “Basic Income in a Small Town: Understanding the Elusive Effects on Work.” Social Problems 64 (3): 373–97. https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spw040.Search in Google Scholar
Caradonna, J. L. 2017. “An Incompatible Couple: A Critical History of Economic Growth and Sustainable Development.” In History of the Future of Economic Growth, edited by I. Borowy, and M. Schmelzer, 154–73. London: Routledge.10.4324/9781315543000-8Search in Google Scholar
Chihadeh, C. 2020. “Towards Critical Historical Studies: An Emancipatory Ontology.” In Historical Organization Studies, edited by M. Maclean, S. R. Clegg, R. Suddaby, and C. Harvey, 77–89. London: Routledge.10.4324/9781003033592-5Search in Google Scholar
Chowdhury, A. 2018. “The United Nations and Development.” In The World Economy Through the Lens of the United Nations, Initiative for Policy Dialogue, edited by J. A. Ocampo, A. Chowdhury, and D. Alarcón. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780198817345.003.0001Search in Google Scholar
Collins, L. M. 2018. “Sustainable Development Goals and Human Rights: Challenges and Opportunities.” In Sustainable Development Goals, edited by D. French, and L. J. Kotzé, 66–90. Cheltenham: Elgar.10.4337/9781786438768.00010Search in Google Scholar
Cousin, B., and S. Chauvin. 2021. “Is there a Global Super-Bourgeoisie?” Sociology Compass 15 (6): e12883. https://doi-org.proxy1.lib.uwo.ca/10.1111/soc4.12883.10.1111/soc4.12883Search in Google Scholar
Dijkstra, A. G. 2002. “The Effectiveness of Policy Conditionality: Eight Country Experiences.” Development and Change 33 (2): 307–34, https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00256.Search in Google Scholar
Dreher, A. 2004. “A Public Choice Perspective of IMF and World Bank Lending and Conditionality.” Public Choice 119: 445–64. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PUCH.0000033326.19804.52.Search in Google Scholar
Eriksen, S., and I. De Soysa. 2009. “A Fate Worse than Debt? International Financial Institutions and Human Rights.” Journal of Peace Research 46 (4): 485–503, https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343309334578.Search in Google Scholar
Feeny, S. 2020. “Transitioning from the MDGs to the SDGs: Lessons Learnt.” In Moving from the Millennium to the Sustainable Development Goals: Lessons and Recommendations, edited by S. Churchill, 343–52. London: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1007/978-981-15-1556-9_15Search in Google Scholar
Fehling, M., B. D. Nelson, and S. Venkatapuram. 2013. “Limitations of the Millennium Development Goals: A Literature Review.” Global Public Health 8 (10): 1109–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2013.845676.Search in Google Scholar
Fiszbein, A., N. Schady, F. H. G. Ferreira, M. Grosh, N. Keleher, P. Olinto, and E. Skoufias. 2009. “Conditional Cash Transfers: Reducing Present and Future Poverty.” World Bank Policy Research Report. Washington: World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2597.10.1596/978-0-8213-7352-1Search in Google Scholar
Forget, E. L. 2018. Basic Income for Canadians: The Key to a Healthier, Happier, More Secure Life for All. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company.Search in Google Scholar
Forster, T., A. E. Kentikelenis, T. H. Stubbs, and L. P. King. 2020. “Globalization and Health Equity: The Impact of Structural Adjustment Programs on Developing Countries.” Social Science & Medicine 267 (112496): 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112496.Search in Google Scholar
Frassoni, M. 2017. “Accountability and Transparency in Bretton Woods Institutions: Two Concrete Experiences.” In Accountability, Transparency and Democracy in the Functioning of Bretton Woods Institutions, edited by E. Sciso, 251–5. New York: Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-57855-2_14Search in Google Scholar
Friedman, Z. 2021. “Stimulus Checks Prompt Call for Universal Basic Income.” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/zackfriedman/2021/06/03/stimulus-checks-prompt-renewed-call-for-universal-basic-income/?sh=9150b49852f2.Search in Google Scholar
Friedrichs, D. O., and J. Friedrichs. 2002. “The World Bank and Crimes of Globalization: A Case Study.” Social Justice 29 (1/2 (87–88)): 13–36.Search in Google Scholar
Fukuda-Parr, S., and D. McNeill. 2019. “Knowledge and Politics in Setting and Measuring the SDGs: Introduction to Special Issue.” Global Policy 10: 5–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12604.Search in Google Scholar
Ghosh, J. 2018. “The 2000s and Beyond.” In The World Economy Through the Lens of the United Nations, edited by J. A. Ocampo, A. Chowdhry, and D. A. González, 170–201. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Gentilini, U., M. Grosh, J. Rigolini, and R. Yemtsov. 2020. Exploring Universal Basic Income: A Guide to Navigating Concepts, Evidence, and Practices. Washington: World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/30d427b7-b1e4-5e37-9225-c7358492e057.10.1596/978-1-4648-1458-7Search in Google Scholar
Gilbert, R., N. A. Murphy, A. Stepka, M. Barrett, and D. Worku. 2018. “Would a Basic Income Guarantee Reduce the Motivation to Work? An Analysis of Labor Responses in 16 Trial Programs.” Basic Income Studies 13 (2): 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1515/bis-2018-0011.Search in Google Scholar
Goswami, M., M. Postone, A. Sartori, and W. H. SewellJr. 2014. “Introducing Critical Historical Studies.” Critical Historical Studies 1 (1): 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1086/675083.Search in Google Scholar
Graeber, D. 2012. Debt: The First 5000 Years. London: Penguin.Search in Google Scholar
Grenier, P. 2003. Jubilee 2000: Laying the Foundation of a Social Movement. London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Grovogu, S. 2011. “A Revolution Nonetheless: The Global South in International Relations.” The Global South 5 (1): 175–90, https://doi-org.proxy1.lib.uwo.ca/10.2979/globalsouth.5.1.175.10.2979/globalsouth.5.1.175Search in Google Scholar
Hagemejer, K., and C. B. Hagemejer. 2012. “Can Low-Income Countries Afford Basic Social Security? Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development.” http://www.oecd.org/dac/povertyreduction/43280726.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Hamilton, L. 2020. Welfare Doesn’t Work: The Promises of Basic Income for a Failed American Safety Net. London: Springer Nature.10.1007/978-3-030-37121-0Search in Google Scholar
Harvey, D. 2005. Spaces of Neoliberalization: Towards a Theory of Uneven Geographical Development, Vol. 8. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.Search in Google Scholar
Hickel, J. 2016. “The True Extent of Global Poverty and Hunger: Questioning the Good News Narrative of the Millennium Development Goals.” Third World Quarterly 37 (5): 749–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1109439.Search in Google Scholar
Hickel, J. 2017. The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and its Solutions. New York: Random House.Search in Google Scholar
Hickel, J., and G. Kallis. 2020. “Is Green Growth Possible?” New Political Economy 25 (4): 469–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2019.1598964.Search in Google Scholar
Hickel, J., G. Kallis, T. Jackson, D. W. O’Neill, J. B. Schor, J. K. Steinberger, P. A. Victor, D. Ürge-Vorsatz, and D. Ürge-Vorsatz. 2022. “Degrowth Can Work – Here’s How Science Can Help.” Nature 612 (7940): 400–3. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-04412-x.Search in Google Scholar
Hollender, R. 2015. “Post-Growth in the Global South: The Emergence of Alternatives to Development in Latin America.” Socialism and Democracy 29 (1): 73–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/08854300.2014.998472.Search in Google Scholar
Howard, M. W., J. Pinto, and U. Schachtschneider. 2019. “Ecological Effects of Basic Income.” In The Palgrave International Handbook of Basic Income: Exploring the Basic Income Guarantee, edited by M. Torry, 111–32. London: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1007/978-3-030-23614-4_7Search in Google Scholar
Johnson, W. A. 1973. “The Guaranteed Income as an Environmental Measure.” In Toward a Steady-State Economy, edited by H. E. Daly, 175–89. New York: W. H. Freeman.Search in Google Scholar
Jomo, S. K. 2016. “Global Financial Reform Needed, but Unlikely.” Development 59: 71–6, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41301-017-0083-z.Search in Google Scholar
Kapur, D., and R. Webb. 2000. “Governance-Related Conditionalities of the International Financial Institutions (No. 6).” G-24 Discussion Paper Series. UN. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/pogdsmdpbg24d6.en.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Koehler, G. 2015. “Seven Decades of ‘Development’, and Now what?” Journal of International Development 27 (6): 733–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3108.Search in Google Scholar
Koehler, G. 2016a. “Assessing the SDGs from the Standpoint of Eco-Social Policy: Using the SDGs Subversively.” Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 32 (2): 149–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2016.1198715.Search in Google Scholar
Koehler, G. 2016b. “Tapping the Sustainable Development Goals for Progressive Gender Equity and Equality Policy?” Gender and Development 24 (1): 53–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2016.1142217.Search in Google Scholar
Koivisto, I. 2016. “The IMF and the Transparency Turn.” Minnesota Journal of International Law 25: 381–420.Search in Google Scholar
Kugler, A. D., and I. Rojas. 2018. “Do CCTs Improve Employment and Earnings in the Very Long-Term? Evidence from Mexico.” Working Paper No. 24248. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w24248.10.3386/w24248Search in Google Scholar
Ladhani, S., and K. C. Sitter. 2020. “Conditional Cash Transfers: A Critical Review.” Development Policy Review 38 (1): 28–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12416.Search in Google Scholar
Lagarde, M., A. Haines, and N. Palmer. 2007. “Conditional Cash Transfers for Improving Uptake of Health Interventions in Low-and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review.” Journal of the American Medical Association 298 (16): 1900–10. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.16.1900.Search in Google Scholar
Lawson-McDowall, J., R. McCormack, and S. Tholstrup. 2021. “The Use of Cash Assistance in the Covid-19 Humanitarian Response: Accelerating Trends and Missed Opportunities.” Disasters 45 (S1): S216–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12524.Search in Google Scholar
Loopstra, R., and V. Tarasuk. 2013. “Severity of Household Food Insecurity is Sensitive to Change in Household Income and Employment Status Among Low-Income Families.” The Journal of Nutrition 143 (8): 1316–23. https://doi.org/10.3138/CPP.38.4.497.Search in Google Scholar
Loreto, N. 2020. “Universal Basic Income in Canada Won’t Do Enough to Fix Inequality.” The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/09/02/universal-basic-income-canada-wont-do-enough-fix-inequality/.Search in Google Scholar
MacNaughton, G. 2017. “Vertical Inequalities: Are the SDGs and Human Rights up to the Challenges?” International Journal of Human Rights 21 (8): 1050–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2017.1348697.Search in Google Scholar
Malaluan, J. J. C., and S. Guttal. 2003. “Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers: A Poor Package for Poverty Reduction.” Focus on the Global South. http://www.Focusweb.Org/index.Php.Search in Google Scholar
Marinescu, I. 2018. “No Strings Attached: The Behavioral Effects of US Unconditional Cash Transfer Programs.” Working Paper 24337. National Bureau of Economic Research.10.3386/w24337Search in Google Scholar
Mayer, W., and A. Mourmouras. 2002. “Vested Interests in a Positive Theory of IFI Conditionality.” IMF Working Paper No. 02/73. SSRN. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=879581.10.5089/9781451849479.001Search in Google Scholar
McCloskey, S. 2020. “Poverty is a Political Choice: A UN Rapporteur Has Delivered a Withering Critique of the International System.” A Development Education Review. https://www.sloga-platform.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Issue-31-Final-2.pdf#page=87.Search in Google Scholar
MercoNews. 2022. “Guterres Warns World Leaders Planet “On Fire” Ahead of UN General Assembly.” https://en.mercopress.com/2022/09/20/ uterres-warns-world-leaders-planet-on-fire-ahead-of-un-general-assembly.Search in Google Scholar
Mörkenstam, U. 2019. “Organised Hypocrisy? The Implementation of the Indigenous Rights Regime in Sweden.” The International Journal of Human Rights 23 (10): 1718–41, https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2019.1629907.Search in Google Scholar
Munger, M. 2015. “One and One-Half Cheers for a Basic-Income Guarantee: We Could Do Worse, and Already Have.” Independent Review 19 (4): 503–13.Search in Google Scholar
Nanwani, S. 2019. “SDGs and the Role of International Financial Institutions.” In Sustainable Development Goals: Harnessing Business to Achieve the SDGs Through Finance, Technology, and Law Reform, edited by J. Walker, A. A. Pekmezovic, and G. Walker, 37–52. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.10.1002/9781119541851.ch2Search in Google Scholar
Navarro, V. 2007. “Neoliberalism as a Class Ideology; or, the Political Causes of the Growth of Inequalities.” International Journal of Health Services 37 (1): 47–62. https://doi.org/10.2190/AP65-X154-4513-R520.Search in Google Scholar
Patel, S. B., and J. Kariel. 2021. “Universal Basic Income and Covid-19 Pandemic.” BMJ 372: n193. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n193.Search in Google Scholar
Pellerano, L., and V. Barca. 2017. “The Conditions for Conditionality in Cash Transfers: Does One Size Fit All?” In What Works for Africa’s Poorest? Programmes and Policies for the Extreme Poor, edited by D. Lawson, L. Ado-Kofie, and D. Hulme, 223–42. Warwickshire: Practical Action Publishing.10.3362/9781780448435.013Search in Google Scholar
Pettifor, A. 2000. Jubilee 2000: Advocacy International. https://www.advocacyinternational.co.uk/featured-project/jubilee-2000.Search in Google Scholar
Plante, C. 2019. “Policy or Window Dressing? Exploring the Impact of Poverty Reduction Strategies on Poverty Among the Canadian Provinces.” Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 35 (1): 112–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2018.1549090.Search in Google Scholar
Pogge, T., and M. Sengupta. 2014. “Rethinking the Post-2015 Development Agenda: Eight Ways to End Poverty Now.” Global Justice: Theory, Practice, Rhetoric 7: 1–9, https://doi.org/10.21248/gjn.7.0.43.Search in Google Scholar
Qumba, M. F. 2020. “Balancing International Financial Institutions’ Immunity with Private Individuals’ Right to Effective Remedy.” South African Journal of International Affairs 27 (1): 89–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2020.1729853.Search in Google Scholar
Rammelt, C. F. 2020. “The Impact of COVID-19 on the Eradication of Poverty: An Incorrect Diagnosis.” Third World Quarterly 42 (2): 441–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2020.1860745.Search in Google Scholar
Reliefweb. 2022. “World Moving Backwards on Sustainable Development Goals, Secretary-General Tells Economic and Social Council, Deploring ‘fundamental Lack of Solidarity’.” https://reliefweb.int/report/world/world-moving-backwards-sustainable-development-goals-secretary-general-tells-economic.Search in Google Scholar
Rothe, D. L. 2010. “Facilitating Corruption and Human Rights Violations: The Role of International Financial Institutions.” Crime, Law and Social Change 53 (5): 457–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-010-9236-7.Search in Google Scholar
Ruckert, A. 2009. “A Decade of Poverty Reduction Strategies in Latin America: Empowering or Disciplining the Poor?” Labour, Capital and Society/Travail, Capital et Société 42 (1/2): 56–81.Search in Google Scholar
Ruckert, A. 2010. “The Forgotten Dimension of Social Reproduction: The World Bank and the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paradigm.” Review of International Political Economy 17 (5): 816–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692291003712113.Search in Google Scholar
Sauvent, K. P. 2015. “The Negotiations of the United Nations Code of Conduct on Transnational Corporations: Experience and Lessons Learned.” The Journal of World Investment & Trade 16: 11–87. https://doi.org/10.7916/D82F7T32.Search in Google Scholar
Singh, J. N, and J. S. Ovadia. 2018. “The Theory and Practice of Building Developmental States in the Global South.” Third World Quarterly 39 (6): 1033–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2018.1455143.Search in Google Scholar
Smith-Carrier, T. 2020. “Charity Isn’t Just, or Always Charitable: Exploring Charitable and Justice Models of Social Support.” Journal of Human Rights and Social Work 5: 157–63, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41134-020-00124-2.Search in Google Scholar
Smith-Carrier, T., and S. Benbow. 2019. “Access to a Basic Income: Exploring a Matricentric Feminist Approach to Poverty Alleviation for Mothers in Ontario.” Journal of the Motherhood Initiative for Research and Community Involvement 10 (1/2): 45–58, https://jarm.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/jarm/article/view/40553.Search in Google Scholar
Smith-Carrier, T., A. Lawlor, and S. Benbow. 2019. “An “Opportunity” for Policy Recycling? A Critical Analysis of the Canadian Poverty Reduction Strategy.” Poverty & Public Policy 11 (4): 325–43, https://doi.org/10.1002/pop4.265.Search in Google Scholar
Smith-Carrier, T., and K. Manion. 2022. “Bringing It All Together: Leveraging Social Movements and the Courts to Advance Substantive Human Rights and Climate Justice.” Human Rights Review 23 (4): 551–74, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-022-00674-0.Search in Google Scholar
Smith-Carrier, T., and J. On. 2022. “Debunking Myths About Poverty: Social Actor Representation of the Participants of the Canceled Ontario Basic Income Pilot Project.” Journal of Poverty 26 (6): 500–19, https://doi.org/10.1080/10875549.2021.1957070.Search in Google Scholar
Smith-Carrier, T., and J. On. 2023. “Ambitious for Change? A Critical Appraisal of the Canadian Indicator Framework of the Sustainable Development Goals.” Journal of Human Rights Practice 15 (1): 204–31, https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huac049.Search in Google Scholar
Smith-Nonini, S. 2016. “The Role of Corporate Oil and Energy Debt in Creating the Neoliberal Era: Role of Energy Debt in Creating the Neoliberal Era.” Economic Anthropology 3 (1): 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1002/sea2.12044.Search in Google Scholar
Standing, G. 2008. “How Cash Transfers Promote the Case for Basic Income.” Basic Income Studies 3 (1): 1–30. https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0183.1106.Search in Google Scholar
Standing, G. 2017. Basic Income: And how We Can Make it Happen. London: Penguin.Search in Google Scholar
Standing, G. 2021. “Support Is Growing for a Universal Basic Income – and Rightly So.” The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/support-is-growing-for-a-universal-basic-income-and-rightly-so-161309.Search in Google Scholar
Struckmann, C. 2018. “A Postcolonial Feminist Critique of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: A South African Application.” Agenda 32 (1): 12–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2018.1433362.Search in Google Scholar
Swift, J., and E. Power. 2021. The Case for Basic Income: Freedom, Security, Justice. Toronto: Between the Lines.Search in Google Scholar
Thomson, M., A. Kentikelenis, and T. Stubbs. 2017. “Structural Adjustment Programmes Adversely Affect Vulnerable Populations: A Systematic-Narrative Review of their Effect on Child and Maternal Health.” Public Health Review 38 (13): 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40985-017-0059-2.Search in Google Scholar
UN. 1948. “Universal Declaration of Human Rights.” https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights.Search in Google Scholar
UN. 2015a. “Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.” https://sdgs.un.org/sites/default/files/publications/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
UN. 2015b. “The Millennium Development Goals Report.” https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf.Search in Google Scholar
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2015. “Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.” https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda.Search in Google Scholar
UN General Assembly. 1970. 2626 (XXV). “International Development Strategy for the Second United Nations Development Decade.” http://www.un-documents.net/a25r2626.htm.Search in Google Scholar
UN General Assembly. 1980. “International Development Strategy for the Third United Nations Development Decade.” https://research.un.org/en/docs/dev/1981-1990.Search in Google Scholar
UN News. 2021. “‘Tremendously Off Track’ to Meet 2030 SDGs: UN Chief.” https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/07/1095722.Search in Google Scholar
UN Office for Sustainable Development. 2015. “Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).” https://unosd.un.org/content/sustainable-development-goals-sdgs.Search in Google Scholar
Van Parijs, P., and Y. Vanderborght. 2015. “Basic Income in a Globalized Economy.” In Inclusive Growth, Development and Welfare Policy, edited by P. Van Parijs, and Y. Vanderborght, 241–60. London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Van Parijs, P., and Y. Vanderborght. 2017. Basic Income: A Radical Proposal for a Free Society and a Sane Economy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.10.4159/9780674978072Search in Google Scholar
Widerquist, K. 2018. A Critical Analysis of Basic Income Experiments for Researchers, Policymakers, and Citizens. New York: Springer International Publishing.10.1007/978-3-030-03849-6Search in Google Scholar
Wignaraja, K. 2020. “The Case for a Universal Basic Income.” UNDP. https://www.undp.org/blog/case-universal-basic-income.Search in Google Scholar
Woods, N. 2001. “Making the IMF and the World Bank More Accountable.” International Affairs 77 (1): 83–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.00179.Search in Google Scholar
World Bank. 2020. Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2020: Reversals of Fortune. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/34496.Search in Google Scholar
World Bank. 2022. Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2022: Correcting Course. Washington: World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/37739.Search in Google Scholar
World Bank Group. 2022. “Global Progress in Reducing Extreme Poverty Grinds to a Halt.” https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/10/05/global-progress-in-reducing-extreme-poverty-grinds-to-a-halt.Search in Google Scholar
UN. 2012. The Millenium Development Goals Report 2012. https://www.un.org/milleniumgoals/pdf/MDG%20Report%202012.pdf Search in Google Scholar
© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston