Abstract
The study examines whether (a) personal and organizational values differ in private and public sectors, and (b) personal values and value congruence – the extent of matching between personal and organizational values – influence unethical practices and work behavior. Three hundred and forty middle-level managers from four manufacturing organizations rated 22 values as guiding principles to them to identify their personal values. In order to index organizational values, 56 top-level managers of the same organizations rated how important such values were to the organization. Results revealed that the important shared values among managers of private and public sectors are product quality and customer service. Congruence between personal and organizational values is found to be higher in the private sector compared to the public sector. Middle-level managers in the private sector shared the organizational values more than the managers in the public sector. Irrespective of the type of organizations and age of managers, personal values more potently and consistently decreased unethical practices and increased work behavior compared to value congruence. Hiring managers emphasizing personal values can demote unethical practices and promote work behavior.
References
Abrainis, D. J.: 1985, ‘Job Stressors, Strain, Job Performance, Social Support and Social Conflict: Causal Relationship in a Four-wave Longitudinal Panel Study’, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Michigan.
Abrams, D., K. Ando and S. Hinkle: 1998,’ Psychological Attachment to the Group: Cross-cultural Differences in Organizational Identification and Subjective Norms as predictors of Workers’ Turnover Intentions, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 24 (1), 1027-1029.
Adkins, C. L., C. J. Russell and J. D. Werbel: 1994, ‘Judgments of Fit in the Selection Process: The Role of Work Value Congruence’, Personnel Psychology 47(3), 605-623.
Akaah, I. P. and D. Lund: 1994, ‘The Influence of Personal and Organizational Values on Marketing Professionals’ Ethical Behavior’, Journal of Business Ethics 13(6), 417-430.
Allen, J. N. and J. P. Meyers: 1990, ‘The Measurement and Antecedents of Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment to the Organization’, Journal of Occupational Psychology 63 (1), 1-18.
Arbuckle, J. L. and W. Wothke: 1999, Amos 4.0 User’s Guide (SmallWaters Corporation, Chicago, IL).
Becker, H. and D. Fritzche: 1987, ‘Business Ethics: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Managers’ Attitudes’, Journal of Business Ethics 6(3), 289-295.
Bentler, P. M.: 1990, ‘Comparative Fit Indexes in Structural Models’, Psychological Bulletin 107 (2), 238-246.
Bollen, K. A.:1989, Structural Equations with Latent Variables (John Wiley & Sons, New York).
Brenner, O. C.: 1988, ‘Relations of Age and Education to Managers’ Work Values’, Psychological Reports 63 (2), 639-642.
Bretz, R. D. and T. A. Judge: 1994, ‘Person-Organization Fit and the Theory of Work Adjustment: Implications for Satisfaction, Tenure, and Career Success’, Journal of Vocational Behavior 44 (1), 32-54.
Chatman, J. A.: 1989, ‘Improving Interactional Organizational Research: A Model of Person-Organization Fit’, Academy of Management Review 14(3), 333-349.
Chatman, J. A.: 1991, ‘Matching People and Organizations: Selection and Socialization in Public Accounting Firms’, Administrative Science Quarterly 36 (3), 459-484.
Clare, D. A. and D. G. Sanford: 1979, ‘Mapping Personal Value Space: A Study of Managers in Four Organizations’, Human Relations 32 (8), 659-666.
Dawis, S. and L. H. Lofquist: 1984, A Psychological Theory of Work Adjustment (University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis).
Deshpande, S. P.: 1997, ‘Managers’ Perception of Proper Ethical Conduct: The Effects of Sex, Age, and Level of Education’, Journal of Business Ethics 16 (1), 79-85.
Drucker, P. F.: 1988, ‘Management and the World’s Work’, Harvard Business Review 66 (5), 65-76.
Edwards, J. R.: 1991, ‘Person-Job Fit: A Conceptual Integration, Literature Review, and Methodological Critique’, in C. L. Cooper and I. T. Robertson (eds.), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 6 (Wiley, New York), pp. 283–357.
Festinger, L. A.: 1957, A theory of Cognitive Dissonance (Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA).
Finegan, J. E.: 2000, ‘The Impact of Person and Organizational Values on Organizational Commitment’, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 73 (2), 149-169.
Ford, R. C. and W. D. Richardson: 1994, ‘Ethical Decision Making: A Review of the Empirical Literature’, Journal of Business Ethics 13 (4), 205-221.
Hofstede, G.: 1980, Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values (Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, California).
Howard, M.: 1990, ‘Values Make the Company: An Interview with Robert Haas’, Harvard Business Review 68 (5), 132-144.
Jones, W. A., Jr.: 1990, ‘Student Views of “Ethical” Issues: A Situational Analysis’, Journal of Business Ethics 9 (3), 201-205.
Kanungo, R. N., S. Misra and I. Dayal: 1975, ‘Relationship of Job Involvement to Perceived Importance of Satisfaction of Employee Needs’, International Review of Applied Psychology 24 (1), 49-59.
Kelly, R. and J. Caplan: 1991, ‘How Bell Labs Creates Star Performers’, Harvard Business Review 69 (4), 128-139.
Kraimer, M. L.: 1997, ‘Organizational Goals and Values: A Socialization Model’, Human Resource Management Review 7(4), 425-447.
Kristof, A. L.: 1996, ‘Person-Organization Fit: An Investigative Review of its Conceptualizations, Measurement, and Implications’, Personnel Psychology 49(1), 1-49.
Lerner, M.: 1980, The Belief in a Just World (Plenum, NY).
Liedtka, J.: 1991, ‘Organizational Value Contention and Managerial Mindsets’, Journal of Business Ethics 10 (7), 543-557.
Meglino, B. M., E. C. Ravlin and C. Adkins: 1989, ‘A Work Value Approach to Corporate Culture: A Field Test of the Value Congruence Process and Its Relationship to Individual Outcomes’, Journal of Applied Psychology 74 (3), 424-432.
Mowday, R. T., R. M. Steers and L. W. Porter: 1979, ‘The Measure of Organizational Commitment’, Journal of Vocational Behavior 14 (2), 224-247.
Mudrack, P. E.: 1989, ‘Age-related Differences in Machiavellianism in Adult Sample’, Psychological Report 64 (3), 1047-1050.
Newstorm, J. W. and W. A. Ruch: 1975, ‘The Ethics of Management and the Management of Ethics’, MSU Business Topics, 23 (2), 29-37.
O’Reilly, C. A., J. Chatman and D. F. Caldwell: 1991, ‘People and Organizational Culture: A Profile Comparison Approach to Assessing Person-Organization Fit’, Academy of Management Journal 34(3), 487-516.
Petrick, J. A. and J. F. Quinn: 1997, Management Ethics: Integrity at Work (Sage, New Delhi).
Pitts, R. E. and A. G. Woodside: 1991, ‘Special Issue: Examining the Structure of Personal Values and Consumer Decision Making’, Journal of Business Research 22 (4), 91-93.
Podsakoff, P. M., S. B. MacKenzie, J. Y. Lee and N. P. Podsakoff: 2003, ‘Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies’, Journal of Applied Psychology 88(5), 879-903.
Posner, B. Z. and W. H. Schmidt: 1993, ‘Values Congruence and Difference Between the Interplay of Personal and Organizational Value Systems’, Journal of Business Ethics 12 (5), 341-347.
Raynor, M.E. (1998). That Vision Thing: Do We Need It? Long Range Planning, 31 (3), 368-376.
Reagan, J. P., M. Rokeach and J. W. Grube: 1982, ‘Personal and Corporate Values and Corporate Identification of Managers from Several Levels of an Organization’, Academic Psychology Bulletin 4, 345–355.
Rokeach, M.: 1973, The Nature of Human Values (Free Press, NY).
Sayeed, O. B.: 2001, Organisational Commitment and Conflict: Studies in Healthy Organizational Processes (Sage, New Delhi).
Schein, E. H.: 1985, Organizational Culture and Leadership (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco).
Schwartz, S. H.: 1992, ‘Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries’, in M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 1-65) (Academic Press, Orlando, FL).
Serwinek, P. J.: 1992, ‘Demographic and Related Differences in Ethical Views among Small Businesses’, Journal of Business Ethics 11 (7), 555-566.
Sharma, P. and K. Bhal: 2001, ‘Ethical Decision Making by Managers in Public and Private Sector Organizations’, Psychological Studies 46 (3), 222-232.
Sinha, J. B. P.: 1990, Work Culture in the Indian Context (Sage, New Delhi).
Sinha, H and D. Suar: 2003, ‘Values and People’s Participation in Community Based Forest Management’, Journal of Human Values 9 (2), 141-151.
Spencer, L. M. Jr. and S. M. Spencer: 1993, Competence at Work: Model for Superior Performance (Wiley, John and Sons, NY).
Suar, D., B. Panda and M. B. Sharan: 1989, ‘Value Comparison, Organizational Identification and Job Satisfaction among Hospital Employees’, The Creative Psychologist 1(2), 69-80.
Super, R.: 1970, Work Values Inventory (Houghton Mufflin Company, Boston).
Triandis, H.C.: 1998, ‘Vertical and Horizontal Individualism and Collectivism: Theory and Research Implications for International Comparative Management’, in J.L.C. Cheng and R. B. Peterson (Eds.), Advances in International Comparative Management (Vol. 12, pp. 7-35) (JAI Press Inc, Stamford, CT)
Velasquez, M. G.: 2002, Business Ethics: Concepts and Cases (Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi).
Verquer, M. L., T.A. Beehr and S. H. Wagner: 2003, ‘A Meta-analysis of Relations between Person-Organization Fit and Work Attitudes’, Journal of Vocational Behavior 63(4), 473-489.
Waldman, D. A. and B. J. Avolio: 1986, ‘A Meta-Analysis of Age Difference in Job Performance’, Journal of Applied Psychology 71 (1), 33-38.
White, A. T. and P. E. Spector: 1987, ‘An Investigation of Age-related Factors in the Age/Job Satisfaction Relationship’, Psychology and Aging 2 (3), 261-265.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Suar, D., Khuntia, R. Influence of Personal Values and Value Congruence on Unethical Practices and Work Behavior. J Bus Ethics 97, 443–460 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0517-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0517-y