Abstract
This chapter reviews the intersection of digital media and religion. The chapter points to three elements: flows, communities, and radicalizations. Regarding flows, a distinction is made between studying global flows in a way that highlights dominant religious groups and studying them in a way that highlights diversity of religious expression. For communities, a division between organized global religious communities, diasporic religious communities, and grassroots religious communities is suggested. Finally, in terms of studying online religious radicalizations from a global perspective, accounting for the discursive, technological, and sociocultural elements is discussed. Thus, the chapter highlights the importance of religion and digital media in contemporary life and the benefits of interdisciplinarity as an analytical and theoretical perspective.
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Notes
- 1.
Thomas, The Global Resurgence of Religion; Zeidan, The Resurgence of Religion.
- 2.
Whitehead et al., “Make America Christian Again.”
- 3.
Poonam, “Modi’s Message.”
- 4.
Thomas, The Global Resurgence of Religion.
- 5.
Campbell, “Introduction,” 1.
- 6.
Zeiler, “Global Mediatization of Hinduism.”
- 7.
Campbell, “Introduction,” 1.
- 8.
Campbell and Lövheim, “Introduction.”
- 9.
Brasher, Give Me That Online Religion.
- 10.
Campbell et al., “There’s a Religious App”; Wagner, “You Are What You Install.”
- 11.
Heidbrink et al., “Theorizing Religion.”
- 12.
Bellar et al., “Reading Religion.”
- 13.
Iordache et al., “Global Media Flows.”
- 14.
Pieterse, Globalization or Empire?, 122.
- 15.
Thussu, “Mapping Global Media Flow.”
- 16.
Kraidy, Hybridity.
- 17.
Castells, Rise of the Network Society, 424.
- 18.
Bekmagambetov et al., “Critical Social Media Information Flows.”
- 19.
Li, Virtual Chinatown; Yadlin-Segal, “Online Homelands.”
- 20.
Maguire, “The Islamic Internet.”
- 21.
Hoover, “Religion and the Media in the 21st Century,” 33.
- 22.
Ibid.
- 23.
Iannaccone, “Religious Markets.”
- 24.
Groys, “Religion in the Age of Digital Reproduction,” 22.
- 25.
Thumma and Bird, “Megafaith for the Megacity.”
- 26.
Riches and Wagner, “Hillsong Music.”
- 27.
Ibid, 21.
- 28.
Groys, “Religion in the Age of Digital Reproduction,” 26.
- 29.
Thussu, “Mapping.”
- 30.
Ibid, 10.
- 31.
Klassen, “Cybercoven”; Lawson, “Examining Online Communities Through Wicca.”
- 32.
Thussu, “Mapping,” 13.
- 33.
McLaughlin, “Transnational Feminism,” 199.
- 34.
Campbell et al., “There’s a Religious App,” 164.
- 35.
Campbell, “Religious Authority”; Eckert and Chadha, “Muslim Bloggers in Germany”; Bunt, Hashtag Islam.
- 36.
Jenkins, Convergence Culture; Castells, Rise of the Network Society.
- 37.
Rainie and Wellman, Networked.
- 38.
Baym, Tune in, Log on.
- 39.
Rheingold, Virtual Community, xx.
- 40.
Stone, “Real Body.”
- 41.
Zaphiris et al., “Online Communities.”
- 42.
Miller and Slater, The Internet, 4.
- 43.
Verschueren, “From Virtual to Everyday Life,” 170.
- 44.
Rainie and Wellman, Networked.
- 45.
Slouka, War of the Worlds; Proulx and Latzko-Toth, “Mapping the Virtual”; Turkle, Alone Together.
- 46.
Yadlin-Segal, “Selfies and Affect.”
- 47.
Erete, “Engaging around Neighborhood.”
- 48.
Miller and Slater, The Internet.
- 49.
Tsuria, “Conservative Judaism.”
- 50.
Coltri, “Women and NRMs.”
- 51.
Golan and Stadler, “Building the Sacred Community”; Golan, “Charting Frontiers.”
- 52.
Golan and Stadler, “Building,” 82.
- 53.
Cheong et al., “The Internet Highway.”
- 54.
Magnatta, “Online Presence.”
- 55.
Brasher, Online Religion, 25.
- 56.
Khosravi, “Ethnographic Approach.”
- 57.
Cheong and Poon, “Weaving Webs.”
- 58.
Westbrook and Saad, “Religious Identity.”
- 59.
“Religion, Globalization and Migration,” 445.
- 60.
Helland, “Online Religion”; Krogh and Pillifant, “House of Netjer.”
- 61.
Lawson, “Wicca”; Singler, “Jediism and Social Media.”
- 62.
Krogh and Pillifant, “House of Netjer,” 212.
- 63.
Banks, “Regulating Hate Speech.”
- 64.
Brown, “White Supremacist.”
- 65.
Hawdon et al., “Exposure to Online Hate,” 1. See also Bliuc et al., “Online Networks.”
- 66.
Berlett, “Hate Online.”
- 67.
Lotan, “Israel, Gaza”; Barberá et al., “Tweeting from Left to Right.”
- 68.
Flaxman et al., “Filter Bubbles,” 299.
- 69.
See, for example, Nauta, “Radical Islam”; Torok, “Social Media.”
- 70.
McFarlane, “Online Violent Radicalization”; O’Hara and Stevens, “Devil’s Long Tail.”
- 71.
Munn, “Alt-Right Pipeline”; Sieckelinck et al., “Transitional Journeys.”
- 72.
Tsuria, “New Media.”
- 73.
Torok, “Social Media,” 39.
- 74.
Nauta, “Radical Islam,” 128.
- 75.
MacFarlane, “Online Violent Radicalization.”
- 76.
Karandikar, “Persuasive Propaganda.”
- 77.
O’Hara and Stevens, “Devil’s Long Tail.”
- 78.
Harindranath, “Social Media,” 60.
- 79.
Munn, “Alt-Right Pipeline.”
- 80.
Hoover, “Religion and Media,” 27.
- 81.
Ibid, 25.
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Tsuria, R., Yadlin-Segal, A. (2021). Digital Religion and Global Media: Flows, Communities, and Radicalizations. In: Ward, S.J.A. (eds) Handbook of Global Media Ethics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32103-5_10
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