Abstract
Drinking kills a significant proportion of individuals every year, particularly in low-income communities. An impulsive differential equation system is used to explore the effectiveness of activated charcoal in detoxifying the body after methanol poisoning. Our impression of activated charcoal is shaped by the fractional dynamics of the problem, which leads to speedy and low-cost first aid. The adsorption capacity of activated charcoal is investigated using impulsive differential equations. The ABC fractional operator’s findings paint a more realistic image of first aid in public and primary health centers, which can assist to reduce methanol poisoning deaths. Numerical simulations are provided using generalized Adams–Bashforth–Moulton method (GABMM).
1. Introduction
Drinking is responsible for around 3.3 million deaths per year, with the majority of these deaths occurring without primary therapy [1]. The lack of good health-care facilities is a primary cause of untreated mortality. It is critical because of its impact on backward social and economic classes. The mortality rate caused by methanol poisoning can be lowered by using activated charcoal. Activated charcoal’s adsorption action ensures that it has healing and cleansing properties. The negatively charged porous structure of activated charcoal attracts positive molecules, accumulating toxins from the stomach and finally removing them from the body [2–4]. Fractional derivative models are used for precise modeling of those systems which require precise damping modeling. In recent years, different analytical and numerical approaches have been proposed in these areas, including their applications to new problems [5, 6]. Mathematical simulation of real life problems typically leads to fractional differential equations and other problems; in one or more variables, essential functions of mathematical physics, as well as their extensions and generalizations, are included. Furthermore, most physical fluid dynamics phenomena, quantum mechanics, electricity, ecological structures, and many other models are regulated by fractional-order PDEs within their scope of validity [7–9]. Modern advances in theoretical and applied science have primarily relied on understanding of the positive integer-order derivatives and integrals. The features of mathematical functions, ranging from gamma and beta functions through special functions, as well as integral differential operators with convolutional integrals and singularities, exists. The solution of many relevant problems leads to integral equations, which have little in common with the integral equation of Abel at first glance, and additional efforts are made for the development of tiles of analytical or computational methods to solve these equations due to this impression. However, their conversion to the form of the integral equation of Abel can also be convenient.
The growth of fractional calculus theory was slow in the beginning due to a lack of context in practical applications. Mandelbrot proposed the “fractal” idea first, pointing out that there are multiple fractal dimensions in nature as well as several challenges in science and technology and implying that there is a self-similar phenomenon. Fractional calculus theory and FDE theory have swiftly emerged as the dynamic foundation of fractal geometry and fractal dimension and have become a popular academic topic around the world. Fractional calculus is an excellent way to define physical memory and heredity. Fractional differential equations have increased in popularity as the response of the fractional-order system and eventually converge with the equations of the integer-order [10]. Many different types of physical systems use special functions, elliptic functions, and elliptic integrals. Their presence is well-known in the solution of nonlinear differential equations. These functions and integrals can be studied in [11–15]. Over the last few decades, fractional differential equations and fractional operators have emerged as reliable and well-organized mathematical tools for analyzing a wide range of scientific and engineering events [16, 17]. Unlike the differential equation with integer orders, the differential equation of fractional orders can display nonlocal relations with memory kernels in time and space.
Mathematical modeling of physical systems has many successful applications in engineering and sciences such as medical science, nanotechnology, biological processes, space sciences, and artificial intelligence [18–20]. Mathematical modeling is a wide field that draws the attention of scientists, engineers, and mathematicians to solve the many problems facing humankind [21–24]. We will use the Atangana–Baleanu fractional operator in Caputo sense to examine the fractional dynamics of given model. The reason for using Atangana–Baleanu fractional derivatives is its nonlocal properties. This operator can also capture complex behavior more effectively than other operators:
Table 1 demonstrates the variables used in the model. The model is followed by two reactions, which can be explained by the following mechanism.
1.1. Reaction 1
(1)Binding of methanol and alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme (ADH) takes place in the liver, which results in formaldehyde and an enzyme-methanol complex . This reaction releases the free alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme (ADH) at the end of this process.(2)The formaldehyde starts binding with the formaldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme at the spot, resulting in the enzyme formaldehyde complex , which then converts into formic acid . This reaction releases .
1.2. Reaction 2
(1)Replacing methanol , ethanol behaves as the substrate and reacts with to form acetaldehyde . Ethanol complex is formed as results. This reaction releases the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme (ADH) .(2)Acetaldehyde binds with the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and the enzyme acetaldehyde complex is formed. As a result, acetic acid is formed and free enzyme is released.
Here, , are the forward rate constants of the problem and are the reverse rate constants.
In this work, we will use the drinking model of impulsive differential equations recently published by researchers [25]. Different fractional approaches has been done on drinking; relevant studies on drinking can be seen in [26–28]. To the best of our knowledge, two-scale approach has not been applied to the drinking model along with ABC derivative. So, this work is unique in its nature. The rest of the study is divided in the following sections. At the end of Section 1, basic definitions are provided to be used in coming framework of problem. Section 2 gives an overview of fractional-order drinking model. Section 3 discusses the two-scale transform in detail and subsequent theoretical work. Sections 4 and 5 consist of problem formulation and numerical simulation, respectively. In Section 6, we provide the main results, and we conclude our work in Section 7.
Definition 1. Let be a continuous function in with . The fractional-order derivative in ABC sense is defined as [29, 30]where is called normalization constant such that .
Definition 2. The fractional integral associated with the fractional derivative can be defined as [29, 30]
2. ABC Fractional-Order Model for Methanol Poisoning
Several researchers and scientists have emphasized fractional calculus in recent decades, demonstrating that fractional calculus better explains natural events than integer order. Fractional calculus has embraced the benefits and popularity of fractal modeling. In this area, we drew inspiration from a fractional mathematical model discussed in a recent research [25]. For the Atangana–Baleanu fractional derivative operator, we adopted a numerical technique. We find the following iterative formula by using the ABC fractional model to (1):
To simplify, we take
Now, we show that the kernels for satisfy the Lipschitz condition and contraction.
3. Two-Scale Transform
There is a famous mathematical conceptual proverb: “If you cannot measure it you cannot manage it.” In fact, mathematics is an abstract science of measurements. How about the measurement of a coastline? This example makes the notion of length inapplicable. Length of any coastline is variable and dependent on the scale of measurement. The problem of the coastline is the counterintuitive phenomenon that because the length of the coastline of a landmass is not well described. This stems from the coastlines’ fractal curve-like features, i.e., the fact that a coastline usually has a fractal dimension (which literally renders the notion of longitude inapplicable). Benoit Mandelbrot documented the discovery of that phenomenon. The estimated length of the coastline relies on the scheme and the degree of cartographic generalization used to measure it. While there are characteristics of a land mass on all scales, from hundreds of kilometers in size to tiny fractions of one millimeter and below, there is no clear scale of the smallest feature to take into account when measured. The length of a smooth, idealized metal bar can be accurately measured using a measuring instrument to assess that the length is less than a certain amount and greater than the other. The more accurate the measuring device is, the closer the measurements are to the true value of the metal strip. However, the enhancing measurement instrument does not result in a rise in precision when measuring a coastline. As with the metal pole, for the length of the coastline, there is no way to obtain a definite value; the value simply increases in length. The coastline problem is applied to the idea of fractal surfaces in space, whereby the area of a surface varies according to the scale of measurement. There are many physical laws that depend on scale and also have scale dependent consequences. In these systems, we can assume that the behavior is “scale” dependent with intense behavioral modifications accompanying the exclusive regimes. After the emergence of Einstein’s theory of relativity, scientists believe in relative observation. Implementing the relativity of scale in the same manner, one may conclude the importance of scale dependence in every scientific law. Uncertainty is obvious if the application is taken on the wrong scale. To explain this important fact, two-scale transform is given [31]:where is the smaller scale and Δt is the larger scale. In existing fractal calculus concepts, two-scale gives reasonable explanation [32]. It is a newly developed idea. It focuses on the importance of scale while analyzing any practical problem. We have been motivated by the researchers. In [33], the presented work became the source of our motivation. We are going to present our work as an example of ideas provided in the mentioned manuscript.
Theorem 1. The kernel satisfy the Lipchitz condition and contraction if the inequality given below holds
Proof. Let . For , we havewhere and are bounded functions. So, we obtain the following result:Thus, for , the Lipchitz condition is obtained. Similarly, the Lipschitz condition for for , also holds. Using this notation, we can writeThe recursive formula can be written asWith initial condition as , the successive terms of difference are defined as follows:Obviously, we obtainWe also defineConsequently, we obtain the following results:where . By using these results, the existence of the solution is guaranteed.
Theorem 2. The model under consideration has a solution if there is a such that
Proof. We assume that the model system is consisted of bounded functions. So, we can obtainIn order to express (12) as the solution of (1), we suppose that .
Next, we can conclude thatfor ,By taking the limit , we obtainWith the similar process, we havefor .
Theorem 3. model under consideration has a unique solution if
Proof. First, we assume that the model has another solution, that is, :By using the properties of norm, we obtain the following inequality:If condition of (18) is satisfied, thenClearly, it is shown thatThrough similar process, we can prove for other components of the model.
4. Problem Formulation
We suppose the initial-value problem with the ABC fractional derivative:
Recently, ABC fractional product integral rule (ABC-PIR) is defined as follows [17]:where and is
By using (23), our model can be transformed in the following form:
Deriving other equations of model in the same manner, we obtain
5. Numerical Simulation
We introduce activated charcoal and ethanol to adsorb methanol and suppress the synthesis of hazardous metabolites, based on ABC fractional dynamics of methanol metabolism under the action of the ADH released by the liver.
Dropping for simplification, we take the for numerical simulation.
Methanol level is lower in patients who get charcoal therapy for the first two hours than in those who do not. As a result, activated charcoal helps preventing toxicity from spreading in the first place.
6. Results and Discussion
From Figures 1 and 2, it is clear that the values of harmful reactants fluctuate when the fractal values for changes. The value of methanol, which is the model’s primary concern, drops rapidly, as shown in Figure 3, and several curves depict the impact of various two-scale dimension on the methanol level in the human body. The lower the fractional parameter is, the less methanol remains in the human body after activated charcoal is introduced. Because this type of incident is more likely to occur in remote locations, we consider the worst-case scenario, in which travel to the medical center is too long.
Many researchers have employed the ABC fractional operator to represent various illness models, and the findings show that the methodology is accurate. To find a suitable solution, we used the same approach to investigate methanol toxicity, methanol adsorption by activated charcoal, and enzyme-substrate inhibitor dynamics. When activated charcoal is added to the system as soon as possible, the harmful formic acid production slows down. The absorption of methanol by activated charcoal and the enzymatic reaction of methanol in the liver cause methanol concentrations to decline faster. The quick drop in methanol has an impact on the additional reactants in the enzymatic process. Matlab 2020 has been used to get the graphical results. We conclude from these graphical results that, by employing this new concept of the two-sale and ABC fractional operator, one can obtain more accurate results and gain a better knowledge not only of an enzymatic reaction equation system but also of real-world problems in science and engineering.
7. Conclusion
The numerous negative effects of alcohol have been proven. We employed the new ABC fractional derivative to take the alcoholism model into fractional order in this work. The concept of a two-scale fractal dimension has been utilized to elaborate the scale effect in the topic under discussion. Simulations have been used to demonstrate the impact of fractional order. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the ABC fractional derivative, integral operators, and two-scale transform. Thus, we can claim that the suggested approach is extremely efficient and can be employed to understand the nature of a wide class of nonlinear fractional-order mathematical models in science and engineering.
Data Availability
All the data used to support the findings of the study are available within the article.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.