Riassunto:
Le fonti relative alle paludi di Eritre in Asia Minore sono qui riesaminate in chiave storico-ambientale. La menzione dell'organizzazione degli heleoreontes o ‚Guardiani delle paludi‘ su una pietra confinaria dai dintorni di Eritre fornisce evidenza circa l'amministrazione della chōra cittadina nel periodo tardo Classico – primo Ellenistico. Una nuova datazione per l'iscrizione è suggerita, precisamente al tardo IV secolo a. C., quando le città greche della costa anatolica furono conquistate dai Macedoni. I ‚Guardiani delle paludi‘ erano probabilmente membri di una delle chiliastyes (‚gruppi di mille‘) territoriali forse introdotte sotto Alessandro Magno. L'evidenza disponibile induce ad annoverare le locali paludi nel gruppo delle antiche e oggi per lo più estinte ‚foreste allagate‘ mediterranee.
Summary:
The sources concerning the wetlands of Erythrae in Asia Minor are herein re-examined from an ecological-historical perspective. The mentioning of the public organization of the heleoreontes or ‚Guardians of the marshes‘, on a boundary stone from the surroundings of Erythrae, provides evidence on the administration of the city chōra in the late Classical – early Hellenistic period. A new dating for the inscription is suggested, namely to the late fourth century BCE, when the Greek cities of the Anatolian coast were conquered by the Macedonians. The ‚Guardians of the marshes‘ were likely members of one of the territorial chiliastyes (‚groups of one thousand‘) possibly introduced under Alexander the Great. The available evidence leads so far as to suggest considering the local wetlands in the group of the ancient and today almost extinct Mediterranean ‚swamp forests‘.
Ringraziamenti:
L'articolo è frutto di una più ampia ricerca supportata dalla Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung, svolta tra il 2012 e 2014 presso la Kommission für Alte Geschichte und Epigraphik des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts (München). Risultati preliminari sono stati presentati presso l'AEK-DAINST e alla Conferenza Internazionale „Agricoltura e ambiente nel mondo antico“, tenutasi presso Università del Salento, Lecce, nel novembre del 2013. Per la stesura mi sono avvantaggiato delle utilissime osservazioni di M. Wörrle, Ch. Schuler, R. Haensch, J. Nollé, O. J. Hekster, M. Maiuro, A. V. Walser; e inoltre di F. Grelle, F. Lamberti e P. Buongiorno. Sono, inoltre, in debito con M. Brunet per le informazioni sulle condizioni dell' epigrafe degli heleoreontes, e con le autorità del Louvre per il permesso di pubblicazione della relativa foto. Unicamente mia è, tuttavia, la responsabilità per le tesi qui esposte.
Bibliografia
Bintliff (1992): J. L. Bintliff, Erosion in the Mediterranean Lands. A Reconsideration of Pattern, Process and Methodology, in: M. G. Bell – J. Boardman (eds.), Past and Present Soil Erosion, Oxford 1992, 125–131.Search in Google Scholar
Bintliff (2000): J. L. Bintliff, Time, Process and Catastrophism in the Study of Mediterranean Alluvial History. A Review, World Archaeology 33, 2000, 417–435.10.1080/00438240120107459Search in Google Scholar
Bonneau (1983): D. Bonneau, Loi et coûtume en Égypte. Un exemple, les marais du Fayoum appelés DRYMOI, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 26.1, 1983, 1–13.10.1163/156852083X00066Search in Google Scholar
Borca (2000): F. Borca, Towns and Marshes in the Ancient World, in: W. M. Hope – E. Marshall (eds.), Death and Disease in the Ancient City, London – New York 2000, 74–84.Search in Google Scholar
Borza (1979): E. N. Borza, Some Observations on Malaria and the Ecology of Central Macedonia in Antiquity, AJAH 4, 1979, 102–124.10.31826/9781463237424-002Search in Google Scholar
Bresson (2016): A. Bresson, The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy. Institutions, Markets and Growth in the City-States, engl. transl., Princeton (NJ) – Oxford 2016.10.1515/9781400852451Search in Google Scholar
Buckler (1934): W. H. Buckler, Une borne ionienne, RPh 60, 1934, 293–298.Search in Google Scholar
Chandezon (2003): Chr. Chandezon, L'élevage en Grèce (fin Ve – fin Ier S. a. C.). L'apport des sources épigraphiques, Bordeaux 2003.10.4000/books.ausonius.7766Search in Google Scholar
Châtelain (2004): Th. Châtelain, Entre terre et eau. L'exploitation des marais en Grèce ancienne: une pratique aux marges de l'agricolture?, in: Chr. Chandezon – Chr. Hamdoune (éd.), Les hommes et la terre dans la Méditerranée gréco-romaine (Pallas 64), Toulouse 2004, 211–220.Search in Google Scholar
Corsaro (1990): M. Corsaro, Qualche osservazione sulle procedure di recupero delle terre pubbliche nelle città greche, in: G. Nenci – G. Thür (Hgg.), Symposion 1988. Vorträge zur griechischen und hellenistischen Rechtsgeschichte, Köln – Wien 1990, 213–229.Search in Google Scholar
Dareste – Haussoullier – Reinach (1891): R. Dareste – B. Haussoullier – Th. Reinach, Recueil des inscriptions juridiques grecques I, Paris 1891.Search in Google Scholar
Daverio Rocchi (1988): G. Daverio Rocchi, Frontiera e confini nella Grecia antica (Monografie del Centro Ricerche e Documentazione sull'Antichità Classica 12), Roma 1988.Search in Google Scholar
Daverio Rocchi (2016): G. Daverio Rocchi, System of Borders in Ancient Greece, in: S. Bianchetti – M. R. Cataudella – H. J. Gehrke (eds.), Brill's Companion to Ancient Geography. The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition, Leiden 2016, 58–77.10.1163/9789004284715_005Search in Google Scholar
Debord (1984): P. Debord, Chiliastys, REA 86.1–4, 1984, 201–211.10.3406/rea.1984.4179Search in Google Scholar
Debord (1999): P. Debord, L'Asie Mineure au IVe siècle (412–323). Pouvoirs et jeux politiques (Ausonius Études 3), Bordeaux – Paris 1999.10.4000/books.ausonius.8892Search in Google Scholar
De Villefosse – Michon (1905): H. De Villefosse – E. Michon, Musée du Louvre, Département des Antiquités grecques et romaines. Acquisitions de l'année 1905 (Bulletin de la Société Nationale des Antiquaires de France), Paris 1905.Search in Google Scholar
Engelmann – Merkelbach (1971): H. Engelmann – R. Merkelbach, οὖρος, ὅρος, ZPE 8, 1971, 97–103.Search in Google Scholar
Engelmann – Merkelbach (1972): H. Engelmann – R. Merkelbach, Die Inschriften von Erythrai und Klazomenai (abbr. IErythrae) I, Bonn 1972.Search in Google Scholar
Fantasia (1999): U. Fantasia, Aree marginali nella Grecia antica. Paludi e bonifiche, in: D. Vera (a cura di), Demografia, sistemi agrari, regimi alimentari nel mondo antico, Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Studi, Parma 17–19 ottobre 1997 (Pragmateiai 3), Bari 1999, 65–116.Search in Google Scholar
Faraguna (2006): M. Faraguna, Terra pubblica e vendite di immobili confiscati a Chio nel V sec. a. C., Dike 8, 2006, 89–99.Search in Google Scholar
Finley (1985): M. I. Finley, Studies in Land and Credit in Ancient Athens, 500–200 B.C. The Horos Inscriptions, New Brunswick – Oxford 21985.Search in Google Scholar
Gaebler (1892): H. Gaebler, Erythrä. Untersuchungen über die Geschichte und die Verfassung der Stadt im Zeitalter des Hellenismus, Berlin 1892.Search in Google Scholar
Graf (2010): F. Graf, Gods in Greek Inscriptions: Some Methodological Questions, in: J. N. Bremmer – A. Erskine (eds.), The Gods of Ancient Greece. Identities and Transformations (Edinburgh Leventis Studies 5), Edinburgh 2010, 55–80.10.3366/edinburgh/9780748637980.003.0004Search in Google Scholar
Graf von Hardenberg (2013): W. Graf von Hardenberg, Circeo National Park. Fascist Land-Reclamation and Conservation in the Pontine Marshes, Environment and Society Portal, Arcadia, no. 4, Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society, 2013 (www.environmentandsociety.org /node/ 5057).Search in Google Scholar
Guarducci (1937): M. Guarducci, L'istituzione della fratria nella Grecia antica e nelle colonie greche d'Italia I, Memorie della Regia Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Classe di scienze morali, storiche e filologiche (s. 6 a) VI, 1937, 5–101.Search in Google Scholar
Haussoullier (1928): B. Haussoullier, Loi inédite d'Erythrées, RPh 54, 1928, 191–199.Search in Google Scholar
Horden – Purcell (2000): P. Horden – N. Purcell, The Corrupting Sea. A Study of Mediterranean History, Oxford 2000.Search in Google Scholar
Hughes (1994): J. D. Hughes, Pan's Travail. Environmental Problems of the Ancient Greeks and Romans, Baltimore 1994.Search in Google Scholar
Hunt – Edgar (1934): A. S. Hunt – C. C. Edgar, Select Papyri, II. Public Documents (Loeb Classical Library 282), London 1934.Search in Google Scholar
Jones (1987): N. F. Jones, Public Organization in Ancient Greece. A Documentary Study (Monographs of the American Philological Society 176), Philadelphia 1987.Search in Google Scholar
Kakavoyannis (1978): E. C. Kakavoyannis, Pheraioi Hyloureisantes, AD 33 A, 1978, 318–324.Search in Google Scholar
Katakouta – Toufexis (1994): S. Katakouta – G. Toufexis, Τα τείχη της Φαρσάλου, in: Ministère de la Culture (éd.), La Thessalie. Quinze années de recherches archéologiques, 1975–1990. Bilans et perspectives, Actes du Colloque International, Lyon 17–22 avril 1990, II, Athènes 1994, 189–200.Search in Google Scholar
Macklin – Woodward (2009): M. Macklin – J. Woodward, River Systems and Environmental Change, in: J. Woodward (ed.), The Physical Geography of the Mediterranean (Oxford Regional Environments Series), Oxford 2009, 319–352.10.1093/oso/9780199268030.003.0023Search in Google Scholar
Marzano (2013): A. Marzano, Harvesting the Sea. The Exploitation of Marine Resources in the Roman Mediterranean (Oxford Studies on the Roman Economy 5), Oxford 2013.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199675623.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
McCabe (1991): D. F. McCabe, Erythrai Inscriptions. Texts and List, Packard Humanities Institute CD#6, 1991 (http:// epigraphy.packhum.org /inscriptions/ main).Search in Google Scholar
Michel (1900): C. Michel, Recueil d'inscriptions grecques, Bruxelles 1900.Search in Google Scholar
Mili (2015): M. Mili, Religion and Society in Ancient Thessaly (Oxford Classical Monographs), Oxford 2015.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198718017.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Musti – Torelli (1986): D. Musti – M. Torelli, Pausania, Guida della Grecia, II. La Corinzia e l'Argolide, Roma 1986.Search in Google Scholar
Papayannis (1992): T. Papayannis, Greek Wetlands: Factors of Change, in: P. A. Gerakis (ed.), Conservation and Management of Greek Wetlands, Proceedings of a Greek Wetlands Workshop held in Thessaloniki, Greece, 17–21 April, 1989, IUCN, Gland 1992, 207–227.Search in Google Scholar
Pleket (2016): H. W. Pleket, SEG 29.1128. Erythrai. Decree concerning the priesthood of the Kyrbantes, 2nd half of the 4th cent. B.C., in: A. Chaniotis – Th. Corsten – N. Papazarkadas – R. A. Tybout (eds.), Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, Brill Online 2016 (http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/supplementum-epigraphicum-graecum/seg-29–1128-erythrai-decree-concerning-thepriesthood-of-the-kyrbantes-2nd-half-of-the-4th-cent-bc-a29_1128).Search in Google Scholar
Pleket – Stroud (2016): H. W. Pleket – R. S. Stroud, SEG 30.1326. Erythrai. Boundary inscription concerning the Ελεορεοντεσ, 4th cent. B.C., in: A. Chaniotis – Th. Corsten – N. Papazarkadas – R. A. Tybout (eds.), Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, Brill Online 2016 (http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/supplementum-epigraphicum-graecum/seg-30–1326-erythrai-boundary-inscription-concerning-the-4th-cent-bc-a30_1326).Search in Google Scholar
Purcell (1996): N. Purcell, Rome and the Management of Water: Environment, Culture and Power, in: J. Salmon – G. Shipley (eds.), Human Landscapes in Classical Antiquity: Environment and Culture (Leicester-Nottingham Studies in Ancient Society 6), Oxford – New York 1996, 180–212.Search in Google Scholar
Robert (1960): L. Robert, Recherches épigraphiques, REA 62, 1960, 276–361.10.3406/rea.1960.3649Search in Google Scholar
Robert (1969): L. Robert, Opera Minora Selecta. Epigraphie et antiquités grecques II, Amsterdam 1969.Search in Google Scholar
Robert (1980): L. Robert, À travers l'Asie Mineure. Poètes et prosateurs, monnaies grecques, voyageurs et géographie, Paris 1980.Search in Google Scholar
Roussel (1976): D. Roussel, Tribu et cités. Études sur les groupes sociaux dans les cités grecques aux époques archaïque et classique (Annales littéraires de l'Université de Besançon 193), Paris 1976.10.3406/ista.1976.2851Search in Google Scholar
Rousset (1994): D. Rousset, Les frontières des cités grecques. Premières réflexions à partir du recueil des documents épigraphiques, CCG 5.1, 1994, 97–126.10.3406/ccgg.1994.1387Search in Google Scholar
Sallares (1991): R. Sallares, The Ecology of the Ancient Greek World, Ithaca [NY] 1991.Search in Google Scholar
Sallares (2002): R. Sallares, Malaria and Rome. A History of Malaria in Ancient Italy, Oxford 2002.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248506.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Scheidel (2001): W. Scheidel, Death on the Nile. Disease and Demography of Roman Egypt (Mnemosyne Suppl. 228, Subseries History and Archaeology of Classical Antiquity), Leiden – Boston – Köln 2001.10.1163/9789004350946Search in Google Scholar
Schuler (1998): Chr. Schuler, Ländliche Siedlungen und Gemeinden im hellenistischen und römischen Kleinasien (Vestigia 50), München 1998.Search in Google Scholar
Sherwin-White (1978): S. M. Sherwin-White, Ancient Cos. A Historical Study from the Dorian Settlement to the Imperial Period (Hypomnemata 51), Göttingen 1978.10.13109/9783666251467Search in Google Scholar
Sordi (1958): M. Sordi, La posizione di Delfi e dell'Anfizionia nel decennio tra Tanagra e Coronea, RFIC 36, 1958, 48–65.Search in Google Scholar
Sordi (2002): M. Sordi, Scritti di Storia greca, Milano 2002.Search in Google Scholar
Traina (1988): G. Traina, Paludi e bonifiche del mondo antico. Saggio di archeologia geografica, Roma 1988.Search in Google Scholar
Vacante (2010): S. Vacante, Alexander's Realpolitik in Action. The Mission of Alcimachus, son of Agathocles, in Aeolis and Ionia, AHB 24, 2010, 61–70.Search in Google Scholar
Vacante (2011): S. Vacante, Alexander the Great and the polis of Iasus. Salt and Democracy? Notes on the ‚Little Sea‘ Inscription (IIasos 24 +30) and the Ekklesiastikon Decree (IIasos 20), Klio 93.2, 2011, 322–336.10.1524/klio.2011.0017Search in Google Scholar
Varınlıoğlu (1980): E. Varınlıoğlu, Inscriptions from Erythrae, ZPE 38, 1980, 149–156.Search in Google Scholar
Vita-Finzi (1969): C. Vita-Finzi, The Mediterranean Valleys. Geological Changes in Historical Times, Cambridge 1969.Search in Google Scholar
Wagman (2015): R. S. Wagman, The Cave of the Nymphs at Pharsalus: Studies on a Thessalian Country Shrine (Brill Studies in Greek and Roman Epigraphy 6), Boston 2015.10.1163/9789004297623Search in Google Scholar
Whitehead (2007): D. Whitehead, Ἕλος, in: D. Whitehead (ed.), Suda On Line. Byzantine Lexicography (www.stoa.org/sol/), 2007.Search in Google Scholar
© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
