Integrated Information Theory 4.0 is both Weakly Panpsychist and Strongly Dualist, but many Theories of Consciousness are also Prone to It

The Integrated Information Theory (IIT) is one of the dominant scientific theories of consciousness. However, its foundations, mathematical formalism, and predictions on the neural correlates of consciousness are widely criticized in the last few years. A letter, signed by 124 neuroscientists, psychologists, and philosophers, argues that the theory is speculative and untestable to the degree that makes it pseudoscience. Their main concern is its panpsychist flavor. This opinion paper argues that IIT 4.0’s account of free will, recently suggested by Tononi and colleagues, is dualist rather than panpsychist.