Abstract

The concept of Pramā and Pramāṇa is a fundamental aspect of Indian school philosophy. Pramā refers to valid knowledge, while Pramāṇa refers to the means or instruments through which we acquire such knowledge. Indian schools of philosophy have classified different types of Pramāṇa, including perception, inference, comparison, testimony, and non-perception. In Indian philosophy, Pramāṇa is not just limited to the physical senses, but it also includes the intellect and intuition. Moreover, each school of Indian philosophy has its own understanding of Pramā and Pramāṇa, which leads to different epistemological theories and debates. The concept of Pramā and Pramāṇa has played a crucial role in the development of Indian philosophy, especially in the areas of ontology, epistemology, and metaphysics. It has also influenced Indian religious and spiritual practices, such as yoga and meditation, which emphasize the importance of direct experience and intuition as a means of acquiring valid knowledge. Overall, the concept of Pramā and Pramāṇa is a fascinating and complex aspect of Indian philosophy that continues to inspire philosophical inquiry and contemplation. This research paper explores the concept of Pramā and Pramāṇa in Indian school philosophy. The paper examines the different types of Pramāṇa identified by various Indian schools of philosophy, including perception, inference, comparison, testimony, and non-perception. It also discusses how different schools of Indian philosophy understand the nature of Pramā and the relationship between the Pramāṇa and Pramā. The paper draws on primary sources from Indian philosophical texts to provide a comprehensive analysis of the concept of Pramā and Pramāṇa. It also examines how this concept has influenced other areas of Indian philosophy, such as ontology, epistemology, and metaphysics. Additionally, the paper explores the practical implications of the concept of Pramā and Pramāṇa for Indian religious and spiritual practices, such as yoga and meditation. The research findings of this paper indicate that the concept of Pramā and Pramāṇa is a fundamental aspect of Indian philosophy that has played a significant role in the development of various philosophical theories and debates. Moreover, the concept has practical implications for Indian religious and spiritual practices, emphasizing the importance of direct experience and intuition as a means of acquiring valid knowledge. Overall, this research paper provides a comprehensive and insightful analysis of the concept of Pramā and Pramāṇa in Indian school philosophy.