Abstract

One of the most influential proto-Zionists is Moses Hess, who at the same time was one of the leading socialists of his time in Germany. The purpose of this article is to explore whether there are anti-Zionist traits in the criticism against Hess, posed by Marxists such as György Lukás, Irma Goitein, Julius Motteler, Wolfgang Mönke, and others. When Hess is criticized, it is not only because of Zionism, but rather because his Zionism emphasize his misunderstanding of the core of socialism.