Artificial Misinformation: Exploring Human-Algorithm Interaction Online

Springer Nature Switzerland (2024)
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Abstract

This book serves as a guide to understanding the dynamics of AI in human contexts with a specific focus on the generation, sharing, and consumption of misinformation online. How do humans and AI interact? How is AI shaping our understanding of ourselves and our societies? What are the interaction mechanisms that govern how humans and algorithms contribute to misinformation online? And how do we bridge the gap between ethical considerations and practical realities to make responsible, reliable systems? Exploring these questions, the book empowers humans to make AI design choices that allow them meaningful control over AI and the online sphere. Calling for an interdisciplinary approach toward human-misinformation algorithmic interaction that focuses on building methods and tools that robustly deal with complex psychological/social phenomena, the book offers a compelling insight into the future of AI-based society.

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Chapters

Introduction: The Epistemology of Misinformation—How Do We Know What We Know

The epidemic of misinformation has been identified as one of the most significant concerns in contemporary society. Misinformation is on the rise, and it seems that artificial intelligence (AI) is the primary conduit for it. AI is a double-edged sword for misinformation that can do good—but also wor... see more

Misinformation, Extremism, and Conspiracies: Amplification and Polarization by Algorithms

Misinformation can be a direct cause of radicalization due to its tendency to trigger strong emotions. Aggressive messages that arouse anxiety can be highly persuasive—messages that point to a threat, particularly one that is sensitive and socially hot, create a cognitive drive for more content abou... see more

Misinformation and Algorithmic Bias

What happens if the data fed to AI are biased? What happens if the response of a chatbot spreads misinformation? Unlike many people hope, AI is as biased as humans are. Bias can originate from various venues, including but not limited to the design and unintended or unanticipated use of the algorith... see more

Misinformation and Diversity: Nudging Away from Misinformation Nudging Toward Diversity

This chapter introduces the principle of diversity-aware AI and discusses the need to develop recommendation models to embed AI with diversity awareness to mitigate misinformation. Free and plural ideas are key to addressing misinformation and informing users. A key indicator of the healthy online e... see more

Misinformation, Paradox, and Nudge: Combating Misinformation Through Nudging

The rapid spread of misinformation online can be attributed to bias in human decision-making, facilitated by algorithmic processes. The area of human-computer interaction has contributed a mechanism of such biases that can be addressed by the design of system interventions. For example, the principl... see more

Misinformation Processing Model: How Users Process Misinformation When Using Recommender Algorithms

The diffusion of misinformation has garnered considerable attention in our society. As algorithms have been considered one of the major drivers behind the spread and amplification of misinformation, it is useful to understand the effects of these algorithms on misinformation sharing and the manner i... see more

Misinformation, Paradox, and Heuristics: An Algorithmic Nudge to Counter Misinformation

No one is completely immune to misinformation because of how human cognition is built and how misinformation takes advantage of it. Often, using nudges to help steer users into fact-checking the information is much more effective than detecting misinformation. This chapter presents empirical work on... see more

Conclusion: Misinformation and AI—How Algorithms Generate and Manipulate Misinformation

The growing prominence of deepfakes in the last several years has triggered an ongoing discussion of authenticity online and of the distinction between fact and fiction. Deepfakes, which use deep learning involving AI to generate videos or fake events, are highly realistic synthetic media that can b... see more

Misinformation and Inoculation: Algorithmic Inoculation Against Misinformation Resistance

AI-enabled services, such as chatbots and generative systems, are often unable to generate correct information per user request, thus creating user resistance and preventing the smooth diffusion of AI services. Previous research has mostly addressed how to improve AI responses but fails to consider ... see more

Misinformation and Generative AI: How Users Construe Their Sense of Diagnostic Misinformation

ChatGPT has opened a new front in the fake news wars. This chapter is motivated by the rapidly improving capabilities and accessibility of generative AI and rapidly increasing misinformation problems. Misinformation is by no means a new phenomenon, yet its trend is highlighted by the emergence of AI... see more

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