Abstract

“Nowher so bisy a man as he ther nas,” we read of one of Chaucer’s pilgrims, “And yet he semed bisier than he was.” And yet? The logic of these lines seems more than a little mischievous. Nowhere could there be found a man as busy as this, and yet this man seemed busier than he was. If both of those statements are strictly true, most men are not as busy as they seem, and diligence is largely a matter of show. It seems that professional, as that word is used to distinguish the worker from mere amateurs, was indeed a creation of the nineteenth century; and there are a host of reasons—not least, the industrial revolution—for tracing many of our modern convictions about work to that era. As a student captivated by the prose of the so-called Victorian prophets, Carlyle, Ruskin, and their followers, I began to conclude that their most frequently quoted passage from all the Bible was this: “Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy might; for there is no work, nor device, nor knowledge, nor wisdom, in the grave, whither thou goest” . In truth, much preachment of hard work tends to affectation, if not downright self-contradiction