Abstract

This study analyses the historical evolution of contemporary Muslim controversies over the historical roots of extremism by applying qualitative content analysis to relevant Qur’ānic verses, prophetic traditions and offerings from early schools of Islamic thought. The study begins by defi ning Arabic term ghulūw with regard to religious extremism and then briefl y introduces manifestations of the phenomenon from the days of Prophet Nūḥ to Jewish and Christian enthusiasts. The paper discusses impacts of extremist thinking on early Muslims with a focus on Kharijite and Muᶜtazilite schools and other related sects. In addition, a discussion of the misuse of certain terms and related legal rulings addresses fi ve matters of importance: [1] matters signifi ed by specifi c appellations, errant legal rulings and consequences; [2] extremist doctrines; [3] extremist religious discourses; [4] rebuttal of errant doctrines; and [5] implications of extremist designations and rulings.